Recently, environmental pollution resulting from industrial waste has been emerging in an endless stream. The industrial waste contains chemical materials, heavy metal ions, and other toxic materials. Once the industrial waste is discharged without standards, it might lead to water or environmental pollution. Hence, it has become more important to provide evidence-based water quality monitoring. The use of a multifunctional miniaturized water quality monitoring system (WQMS), that contains continuous monitoring, water quality monitoring, and wireless communication applications, simultaneously, is infrequent. Thus, electrodes integrated with polydimethylsiloxane flow channels were presented in this study to be a compound sensor, and the sensor can be adopted concurrently to measure temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and copper ion concentration, whose sensitivities are determined as 0.0193 °C/mV, −0.0642 pH/mV, 1.1008 mS/V·cm (from 0 mS/cm to 2 mS/cm) and 1.1975 mS/V·cm (from 2 mS/cm to 5.07 mS/cm), and 0.0111 ppm/mV, respectively. A LoRa shield connected into the system could provide support as a node of long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) for wireless communication application. As mentioned above, the sensors, LoRa, and circuit have been integrated in this study to a continuous monitoring system, WQMS. The advantages of the multifunctional miniaturized WQMS are low cost, small size, easy maintenance, continuous sampling and long-term monitoring for many days. Every tested period is 180 min, and the measured rate is 5 times per 20 min. The feedback signals of the miniaturized WQMS and measured values of the instrument were obtained to compare the difference. In the measured results at three different place-to-place locations the errors of electrical conductivity are 0.051 mS/cm, 0.106 mS/cm, and 0.092 mS/cm, respectively. The errors of pH are 0.68, 0.87, and 0.56, respectively. The errors of temperature are 0.311 °C, 0.252 °C, and 0.304 °C, respectively. The errors of copper ion concentration are 0.051 ppm, 0.058 ppm, 0.050 ppm, respectively.
In recent years, many cases of water pollution have been caused by industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater containing heavy metal pollution is discharged into the groundwater, causing land and environmental pollution and affecting human health. Hence, the development of a miniaturized water quality detection system (WQDS) to protect water resources is of great urgency. A miniaturized WQDS has the advantages of multiple parameter detection, continuous monitoring, miniaturized dimensions, high sensitivity, and accuracy. The representative water quality parameters monitored by the WQDS were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and copper ion (Cu 2+ ) concentration. In addition, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was substituted for indium tin oxide (ITO) in this study to fabricate an improved pH-sensing module that reduces the interaction between subsystems, improves the measurement accuracy, enhances convenience, and reduces the manufacturing cost of the sensor chips. Electrodes combined with FTO conductive glass were designed and fabricated to achieve the miniaturized WQDS as a system on a chip. The miniaturized WQDS exhibits good potential for the precise detection of various water quality parameters and for application in the water-monitoring field.
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