Solid electrolytes with both interface
compatibility and efficient
ion transport have been an urgent technical requirement for the practical
application of solid-state lithium batteries. Herein, a multifuctional
poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDOL) electrolyte combining the gradient structure
from the solid state to the gel state with the Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) interfacial
modification layer was designed, in which the “solid-to-gel”
gradient structure greatly improved the electrode/electrolyte interface
compatibility and ion transport, while the solid PDOL and LLZTO layers
effectively improved the interface stability of the electrolyte/lithium
anode and the inhibition of the lithium dendrites via their high mechanical
strength and forming a stable interfacial SEI composite film. This
gradient PDOL/LLZTO composite electrolyte possesses a high ionic conductivity
of 2.9 × 10–4 S/cm with a wide electrochemical
window up to 4.9 V vs Li/Li+. Compared with the pristine
PDOL electrolyte and PDOL solid electrolyte membrane coated with a
layer of LLZTO, the gradient PDOL/LLZTO composite electrolyte shows
better electrode/electrolyte interfacial compatibility, lower interface
impedance, and smaller polarization, resulting in enhanced rate and
cycle performances. The NCM622/PDOL-LLZTO/Li battery can be stably
cycled 200 times at 0.3C and 25 °C. This multifunctional gradient
structure design will promote the development of high-performance
solid electrolytes and is expected to be widely used in solid-state
lithium batteries.
Capped piles are efficient in settlement control and have been widely used in the reinforcement of soft soil foundations for high-speed railways and highways. In this study, scenarios involving both capped piles and ordinary piles without caps are numerically studied using the finite element software (ABAQUS). The settlement characteristics of capped piles composite foundation considering the effects of both the pile spacing and the ratio of pile cap to pile diameter are achieved. Based on the numerical results, assuming that the capped pile and the soil under the cap jointly bear load and settle together, a settlement calculation model for capped piles composite foundation is established. By both replacing the compression modulus with the deformation modulus obtained from the field static load test and calculating the area replacement ratio, the formula for calculating the total settlement of the capped piles composite foundation is derived using the layer-wise summation method. In addition, a real embankment engineering with capped piles composite foundation is adopted to validate the accuracy of this method; by comparing with other methods, the results show that this method is in better agreement with the field monitoring data. Therefore, the proposed method is recommended in the relevant engineering design.
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