Economic development in the “new era” will require green innovation. To encourage the growth of green technology innovation, it has become fashionable to strengthen environmental regulation. However, the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation, as well as the role of government subsidies, needs to be examined. Utilizing fixed-effect models and 2SLS models to explore the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation in China from 2003 to 2017, this research sought to examine whether environmental regulations impact green technology innovation, as well as the role of government subsidies in the above-mentioned influence path. The findings support the Porter Hypothesis by demonstrating an inverted “U” relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation. The impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation varies by region. To be specific, there is an inverted “U” relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation in China’s central and central coast regions. In comparison, the north area, southern coast, and southwest region exhibit a “U” relationship between the two. The relationship is not significant in the Beijing-Tianjin region. Additionally, government subsidies act as an intermediate in this process, positively influencing firms to pursue green technology innovation during the earliest stages of environmental regulation strengthening. However, government subsidies above a certain level are unproductive and should be used appropriately and phased off in due course.
Through the calculation of gemological chromaticity, the green characters and range of chromaticity of 728 cabochon jadeite jade were determined, and then it studies and compares with GemDialogue color card images for jadeite-jade green quality evaluation. It is testified that the method is proved to be effective and the construction of emerald green quality grading system based on it is proved. First of all, with reference to China national standard GB/T 23885-2009 "Jadeite-jade Grading," the color appearance of jadeite-jade color green was analyzed contrastively with the help of three pieces of GemDialogue color chip images G, Y2G, and B2G where CIE recommended standard light sources D65, A, and CWF, and then it is proposed that the best light source of jadeite-jade color green measuring and evaluating is standard D65 based on quantitative analysis of samples' lightness L * , chroma C * , hue h 0. Secondly, according to samples color green and five pieces of GemDialogue color chip images G2Y, Y2G, G, B2G, and G2B, jadeite-jade color was graded in seven levels from the best end "Fancy Vivid" to the last end "Very Light" with the contribution of five different overlap modes of three color masks: black/gray transparent, brown transparent, and black/white opaque. Furthermore, the high accuracy of the method is verified by clustering analysis and Fisher's discrimination reversely. It draws conclusions that there are two evaluation methods of jadeite-jade color green; the first is the colorimetric way of GemDialogue color chip images, and the complementary is the way of Fisher functional method which sample parameters could be back substituted, and all these two methods could be extended to other green gem quality evaluation.
The West African region has experienced high economic development. With the increasing energy consumption and emissions, how to coordinate the relationship among energy consumption, trade opening, and economic growth, and how to develop a low-carbon development pattern are becoming the most important issues in West Africa. This paper uses the tri-variable Toda-Yamamoto model to investigate the dynamic interactions among energy consumption, economic growth, and trade in West Africa. The findings indicate that, first, the positive impact of energy consumption on economic growth in West Africa has shown a significant lag effect, and energy consumption has a strong trade-dependent relationship to economic promotion. Trade opening and economic growth in West Africa are mutually reinforcing in the long run. Next, the role of foreign trade in boosting economic growth is more significant in countries with lower levels of economic development. Finally, when replacing the energy consumption indicator with CO2 emissions, the results remain robust. Considering the regional development differences, grouping countries by GDP per capita reveals that there exists a bilateral causal relationship between energy consumption and trade openness in the higher economic development group. The impact of trade openness on economic growth is more remarkable in countries with lower levels of economic development in West Africa. The findings have important implications for policymakers in understanding the economic development pattern of West Africa. It is necessary for West African countries to develop an integrated energy and trade policy in order to maintain long-term sustainable economic growth.
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