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Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has emerged as a revolutionizing solution to enhance wireless communications by intelligently changing the propagation environment. Prior studies on IRS are based on an ideal reflection model with a constant amplitude and a variable phase shift. However, it is difficult and unrealistic to implement an IRS satisfying such ideal reflection model in practical applications. In this letter, we aim to investigate the phaseamplitude-frequency relationship of the reflected signals and propose a practical model of reflection coefficient for an IRS-aided wideband system. Then, based on this practical model, joint transmit power allocation of each subcarrier and IRS beamforming optimization are investigated for an IRS-aided wideband orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) system. Simulation results illustrate the importance of the practical model on the IRS designs and validate the effectiveness of our proposed model.

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Analog/digital hybrid beamforming architectures with large-scale antenna arrays have been widely considered in millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems because they can address the tradeoff between performance and hardware efficiency compared with traditional fully-digital beamforming. Most of the prior work on hybrid beamforming focused on fully-connected architecture or partially-connected scheme with fixed-subarrays, in which the analog beamformers are usually realized by infinite-resolution phase shifters (PSs). In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid beamforming architecture with dynamic subarrays and hardware-efficient low-resolution PSs for mmWave multiuser multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) systems. By dynamically connecting each RF chain to a non-overlap subarray via a switch network and PSs, we can exploit multiple-antenna and multiuser diversities to mitigate the performance loss due to the use of practical low-resolution PSs. An iterative hybrid beamformer design algorithm is first proposed based on fractional programming (FP), aiming at maximizing the sum-rate performance of the MU-MISO system. In an effort to reduce the complexity, we also present a simple heuristic hybrid beamformer design algorithm for the dynamic subarray scheme. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed hybrid beamforming architecture with dynamic subarrays and low-resolution PSs compared to existing fixed-subarray schemes.Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications, hybrid beamforming, dynamic subarrays, low-resolution phase shifters (PSs), multiple-input single-output (MISO).

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In this article, the formation mechanism of transverse corner cracks on a lowcarbon steel continuous-casting slab was investigated. The factors influencing the transverse corner cracks were discussed. The hot ductility of the lowcarbon steel within 600°C and 1250°C was detected using a thermal simulator Gleeble 1500 (Dynamic Systems, Inc., Poestenkill, NY) to determine the embrittling temperature range of the steel. The temperature of the slab varied with time, especially at the slab corner, and it was calculated and discussed. It was found that transverse corner cracks were generated on the ferrite films along grain boundaries, and there was little decarburization layer near the cracks. According to the calculated temperature at slab corner, the cooling water flow rate and cooling strategy were optimized by adjusting the cooling water flow rate at each spray cooling zone to avoid the embrittling temperature range at the bending and straightening segments of the caster. As a result, the transverse corner cracks were successfully weakened.

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