Group members often over-weigh shared information and under-value unique information during discussions to the detriment of decision quality. Fortunately, perceiving other group members as receptive to dissenting opinions may enhance information sharing. We distinguish between two ways of expressing opinion-differences about tasks—debates and disagreements—that we predict are perceived by others as conveying varying degrees of receptivity to dissenting opinions. In four studies with mixed methods and a causal chain design, we manipulate and measure group members’ (the “senders”) expressions of debates and disagreements, others’ (the “receivers”) perceptions of the senders’ receptivity to dissenting opinions, and receivers’ information sharing intentions and behavior. We demonstrate that task conflicts that are expressed as debates rather than as disagreements are associated with greater information sharing because receivers perceive senders to be more receptive to dissenting opinions. We, thus, offer a novel approach to increasing information utilization during group decision making and help resolve the paradoxical effects of opinion differences on group performance.
This study examines individual and cultural antecedents of incivility in the workplace, using a sample of MBAs and EMBAs from Taiwan and the United States. We predicted that individual achievement orientation would enhance incivility, based on Dollard’s frustration aggression hypothesis, and that those who were higher in direct conflict self‐efficacy (i.e., beliefs in one's skills in managing direct conflict) would be higher in incivility. These predictions were supported. We also predicted, and found, that collectivism orientation constrains these main effects, so that for those high in collectivism, the impact of achievement orientation and direct conflict self‐efficacy is weak or nonexistent. Implications for conflict management are discussed.
1-Dimethylamino-2-propanol (DP) was added to silver nitrate to fabricate silver conductive lines by inkjet printing at low sintering temperatures on flexible PET substrates. Using an optimal ratio of a mixed solvent (ethanol and ethylene glycol), the morphology of the pattern surface and the formation of coffee-rings could be controlled. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the AgNO 3 /DP inks were converted to silver completely at low temperatures. Using the AgNO 3 /DP inks, continuous and smooth silver conductive lines with a resistivity of 1.37 ( 0.44 Â 10 À5 Ω cm were fabricated at 100 °C by an inkjet printing system. This resistivity was close to the resistivity of bulk silver.
In this paper, silver nanowires were synthesized by a polyol method in the presence of PVP with Pt seeds. The silver nanowires were added to silver nitrate to form a binary hybrid ink to fabricate silver conductive lines by ink-jet printing on a flexible Kapton Ò substrate. The silver nanowires were used as an additive to the silver inks to lower the concentration of silver nitrate. The additive increased the ink's viscosity and promoted the conductivity of silver lines produced by ink-jet printing. Using a 20 wt% silver nitrate-silver nanowire ink, continuous and smooth silver conductive lines with a resistivity of 7.31 Â 10 À5 U cm could be fabricated by the ink-jet printing system.
We developed new materials to induce a luxury mindset and activate materialistic values, and examined materialism’s relationship to attitudes toward marriage and having children in Singapore. Path analyses indicated that materialistic values led to more negative attitudes toward marriage, which led to more negative attitudes toward children, which in turn led to a decreased number of children desired. Results across two studies highlight, at the individual level, the tradeoff between materialistic values and attitudes toward marriage and procreation and suggest that a consideration of psychological variables such as materialistic values may allow for a better understanding of larger-scale socioeconomic issues including low fertility rates among developed countries. We discuss implications and describe how psychological factors relating to low fertility fit within evolutionary mismatch and life history theory frameworks.
In this paper, a high molecular weight organic compound, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), was added to silver nitrate to fabricate silver conductive lines and arrays by inkjet printing on flexible Kapton substrates. With the assistance of PVP, the dimension of conductive lines can be controlled more accurately. In addition, the morphological control and resolution of arrays and lines were further improved by using UV/O3 treatment of substrates and changing the substrate temperature. The silver nitrate/PVP inks can be reduced in ethylene glycol vapor to form silver conductive lines at low temperatures. By using a high concentration of silver nitrate/PVP ink, continuous and smooth silver conductive lines with a resistivity of 2.71 × 10−5 Ω cm have been produced. Their resistivity is close to the resistivity of bulk silver.
CT-based tumor volumes are a strong predictor of outcomes for HPC treated using definitive RT. A selected group of patients, mainly those with tumor volumes less than 40 mL, should be considered for laryngeal preservation.
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