Highlights:Graphical/Tabular Abstract Construction techniques of Hellenistic Towers Quasi-static tilt analysis of dry masonry towers Effect of wall profiles and opening organizations on wall behavior under lateral loading Figure A. Hypothetical process designed for the determination of the behavior of ancient dry masonry towersPurpose: The aim of the study is to determine the structural and morphological characteristics affecting the structural resistance of ancient dry masonry towers. Theory and Methods:The methodology is composed of three phases; data gathering about wall profile and opening organization of ancient dry masonry towers, design of hypothetic towers by using gathered data, determination of the behavior of the hypothetic towers. Six wall profile types and fifteen opening organizations were documented from the dry masonry towers in Caria, Pamphylia and Cilicia Regions, Turkey. 90 hypothetic towers, designed with combination of the characteristics types, were modelled as individual rigid blocks brought together without any connecting element in SketchUp 2013. MSPhysics 0.9.9 software was used for the simulation of quasistatic tilt analysis. Preliminary analyses have been carried out to test the validity of the MS Physics software. Results:Collapse angles of hypothetic towers varied between 8 and 18 degrees. Four different failure mechanisms were determined; out-of-plane, in-plane, hybrid and body failure. Each wall profile presented a typical failure mechanism. Double layered wall profile 6, supported with header stones and high staggering ratios, collapsed at the highest angles (18°) and presented total overturning, while the wall profile 1, that collapsed at the lowest angle (8-11°), presented hybrid mechanism composed of in-plane and out-of-plane failures. Wall profiles with less effective openings (small or medium sized) sustained their typical failure mechanisms, however large sized, or more than 2 openings or openings adjacent to corner caused in-plane and out-of-plane failure mechanisms when they were at in-plane and out-of-plane position respectively at weaker wall profiles (1-3, 5). The strongest wall profile 6 was only affected by large sized opening type (11). Conclusion:Usage of large sized stone blocks (length ≥ 200 cm, depth ≥ 75 cm), high staggering ratio (s/h ≥ 1.8) and header stones not adjacent to each other increased resistance and provided body or in-plane behavior. The effect of openings changed depending on the characteristics of wall profile types. Double layered walls supported with header stones were not affected by asymmetrical openings or more than two upper openings, and sustained body behavior. Large sized openings (≥180x300 cm) were effective for all wall profile types. H I G H L I G H T S Properties of construction techniques of Hellenistic towers Quasi-static tilt analysis of dry masonry towers Effect of wall profiles and opening arrangements on wall behavior related lateral loading Article Info ABSTRACT Research ArticleDry masonry wall profiles constructed w...
PurposeThis study aims to propose a systematic way of evaluating the impact of historic and current interventions on cultural asset values of monuments that have preserved their authentic functions so that future interventions can be better guided.Design/methodology/approachThe study focuses on the Mosque typology. The case studies are chosen from a region that has a rich historic background, but has generally undergone rapid urbanization and faces extensive restorations today. Conventional site survey, archive and historical research and visual analysis are made, but the evaluation process has been designed. As a result, scale and intensity of interventions and disasters and the vulnerability of the monument should be identified for each period of the asset. Variations in the intensity of esthetic or historic qualities and the environmental settings should be credited, rather than the utilitarian necessities.FindingsMosques and their environs are most vulnerable in terms of their architectural authenticity and site aesthetics.Originality/valueThe objects studied in the previous studies present a variation, but the majority of the work is carried out with conventional evaluation methods with the emphasis on building scale. However, the mosques are affected by the interventions and disasters, not only as single architectural entities but also as the focal elements of their neighborhoods. So, the intervention-value relations should be understood both for building and site scales. An evaluation process is proposed for understanding the change of values with respect to interventions and disasters throughout history by combining qualitative and quantitative techniques.
The seventeenth century was the era in which _ Izmir became an international commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean. The vizier of the era, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pas a, noticed the scarcity of potable water in relation with the increasing population at the center of this harbor city and ordered the construction of an aqueduct on Melez Valley. The Vezira ga Aqueduct was constructed in 1674. This article aims to identify historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Vezira ga Aqueduct so that its heritage values and conservations problems can be understood. The geographical and historical characteristics of the Vezira ga Aqueduct are described by taking the effects of site and the sociocultural situation of city into consideration. The architectural characteristics of the aqueduct are prepared by using the site survey data to reveal the current condition and find out the original state. Seismic behavior of the aqueduct is investigated by using two approaches: analytical equivalent static analysis and finite-element analysis. The historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Vezira ga Aqueduct prove its historical, documentary, and aesthetic values.
Darkale of Soma, Manisa is a historical rural settlement in Western Anatolia. The aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of Darkale houses and to present a typology based on their authentic architectural characteristics. The method is evaluation of the housing units with the tools of the discipline of architectural conservation. The characteristics evaluated are the lot size and organization, unit-neighbor relations, storey system, spatial organization, construction technique, and material usage. The houses are representatives of the "Hayat house" typology that has been used for centuries in Anatolia. However, the presence of limited courtyards, possibility of houses composed of a single building mass, the partial carving of the units into the hillside, possibility of single storied units and the relation of housing with each other in all three dimensions, and streets continuing throughout the house masses in form of passages differentiate Darkale houses from the other Hayat houses. In addition, the continuing of the maintenance of housing units with traditional materials and techniques; weaving, cuisine tradition, winter food preparation such as pomegranate juice making, olive oil soap production and their storage, domestic fowl raising on the ground floor and courtyards of the houses are intangible qualities of Darkale. The major conservation problems of Darkale houses are abandonment, the functional transformation of spaces and usage of contemporary techniques and materials in the physical interventions.
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