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Maslinic acid (MA), a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L., is a well-known inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase and elicits multiple biological activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MA on focal cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic rats. Adult rats were made hyperglycemic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and were given MA (50 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) intragastrically for 14 consecutive days. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion was then induced by a suture insertion technique. Results showed that diabetic rats pretreated with high-dose MA had lower blood glucose levels, but both doses reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological scores. Less glutamate overflow was also observed in MA-treated rats after 2 hr of ischemia followed by 24 hr and 72 hr reperfusion. In addition, MA treatment enhanced the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 expression at the protein and mRNA levels. However, the injection of dihydrokainate, a GLT-1 glutamate transporter inhibitor, reversed the effect of MA. Previous studies have shown that suppression of glutamate uptake via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation is an important contributory factor in ischemia-triggered glutamate excitotoxicity, and inhibition of NF-κB could prevent ischemic suppression of glutamate uptake and GLT-1 expression. In the present study, we showed that MA pretreatment attenuated ischemia-induced translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit to the nucleus. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that, in addition to showing promising antidiabetic properties, MA has a direct beneficial effect in cerebral ischemic injury, which may be correlated with the promotion of glutamate clearance by NF-κB-mediated GLT-1 up-regulation.

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Evictions from rented accommodations are a common pathway to homelessness and can negatively impact the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. There have been only few interventions developed to address evictions, and it is important to first understand factors associated with evictions. This systematic review included all available peer-reviewed articles on the topic published in the international literature from 1900 to 2017 and identified 10 peer-reviewed studies of evictions conducted in the United States, Canada, Amsterdam and Britain. From these studies, four categories of factors associated with evictions were identified. These factors were financial hardships, sociodemographic characteristics, substance use and other health problems. While many studies had large sample sizes, the majority of studies were cross-sectional. Together, our review found that there were several salient factors known to be associated with evictions which may benefit from intervention. However, more prospective studies on evictions and development of interventions are needed.

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