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BackgroundCulicoides spp. biting midges transmit bluetongue virus (BTV), the aetiological agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of ruminants. In southern India, hyperendemic outbreaks of BT exert high cost to subsistence farmers in the region, impacting on sheep production. Effective Culicoides spp. monitoring methods coupled with accurate species identification can accelerate responses for minimising BT outbreaks. Here, we assessed the utility of sampling methods and DNA barcoding for detection and identification of Culicoides spp. in southern India, in order to provide an informed basis for future monitoring of their populations in the region.MethodsCulicoides spp. collected from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were used to construct a framework for future morphological identification in surveillance, based on sequence comparison of the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and achieving quality standards defined by the Barcode of Life initiative. Pairwise catches of Culicoides spp. were compared in diversity and abundance between green (570 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (390 nm) light emitting diode (LED) suction traps at a single site in Chennai, Tamil Nadu over 20 nights of sampling in November 2013.ResultsDNA barcode sequences of Culicoides spp. were mostly congruent both with existing DNA barcode data from other countries and with morphological identification of major vector species. However, sequence differences symptomatic of cryptic species diversity were present in some groups which require further investigation. While the diversity of species collected by the UV LED Center for Disease Control (CDC) trap did not significantly vary from that collected by the green LED CDC trap, the UV CDC significantly outperformed the green LED CDC trap with regard to the number of Culicoides individuals collected.ConclusionsMorphological identification of the majority of potential vector species of Culicoides spp. samples within southern India appears relatively robust; however, potential cryptic species diversity was present in some groups requiring further investigation. The UV LED CDC trap is recommended for surveillance of Culicoides in southern India.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1722-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

2018) Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of vincristine loaded folic acid-chitosan conjugated nanoparticles on NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cell line,

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Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are generally species specific, but cross species transmission has been demonstrated experimentally. Several examples have represented the infection of humans by coronavirus. Most of the coronaviruses are found in domestic as well as wild animals, and it is possible that they arose in human population though zoonotic transmission. In the present study, we evaluated presence of bovine corona virus (BCoV) in bovine fecal samples and reported the infection using RT - PCR assay. BCoV was detected using trans - membrane (M) gene specific RT - PCR with 523 bp amplicon size. A total three hundred thirteen (313) bovine fecal samples were collected for the present study. Out of 313 buffalo fecal samples, 31 buffalo were found infected with coronavirus by RT - PCR assay. The results suggest that RT - PCR is sensitive and specific method to detect BCoV, especially in subclinical cases. These results were further c onfirmed by sequencing of PCR products. The phylogenetic analysis showed that BCoV strains ABT/16/BF/Bocv183, ABT/BF/16/Bocv164 and ABT/BF/16/Bocv86 have close association with bovine strains from USA and Japan. However, ABT/BF/16/Bocv167 strain formed a s eparate clad along with camelid coronavirus strains and revealed the cross species transmission from camel to bovine. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of interspecies transmission of coronavirus form camel to bovine.