We evaluated the effects of the timing of treatment initiation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on the change in predicted adult height (PAH) in girls with idiopathic true precocious puberty (TPP). Methods: Data for this retrospective study were collected on 104 girls with TPP who were treated with GnRHa for 36 months, between January 2002 and March 2012. Results: The PAH SDS differed before and after treatment in all patients (-1.91 ± 1.47 vs. -1.37 ± 1.17 after 1 year of treatment, -1.96 ± 1.58 vs. -0.48 ± 1.11 after 3 years of treatment) as well as in Group 1 (-2.15 ± 1.54 vs. -1.51 ± 1.20 after 1 year of treatment, -2.09 ± 1.59 vs. -0.55 ± 1.19 after 3 years of treatment) and Group 2 (-1.57 ± 1.34 vs. -1.17 ± 1.12 after 1 year of treatment, -1.50 ± 1.55 vs. -0.21 ± 0.74 after 3 years of treatment). This result could be due to improvement in bone age advancement during the treatment. The difference between mid-parental height SDS and PAH SDS was decreased after GnRHa treatment. However, the means of PAH SDS did not surpass the mid-parental height SDS. Conclusion:GnRHa treatment can preserve growth potential by slowing bone age progression, resulting in short adult height, but it cannot alter the genetic growth potential.
Novel Method for Synthesis of High Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Hydroxide by Engineered Two Step Co-precipitation Method Kitae Kim, Minah Cha, Jangsuk Hyun, Tae-Hwan Yu, Wooyoung Yang, Jeong-Ju Cho Battery Materials R&D Team, Samsung Fine Chemicals, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, S.Korea Abstract NCA is a promising cathode material for high energy lithium ion battery in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of high power. It overcomes imperfections such as cycle life, rate capability, and low thermal stability with higher specific capacity compared to Ni-rich cathode materials.1-3 For NCA preparation, there are various methods, but specifically, solid-state reaction of metal oxide and liquid phase synthesis of metal salts using continuous stirred tank reactor have been used. 4-6 However, the former method is not suitable for commercialization due to homogeneous mixture problems and economic issue. Furthermore, although using the overflow continuous reactor is a good method to control particle growth and to get spherical particles,7 it has broad particle distribution. Also, it is hard to synthesize the NCA hydroxide with desired target size and high tap density which would affect volumetric capacity because the addition of Al precursors during the precipitation of transition metal may have an effect on the chemical condition for nucleation and growth of formation of NCA(OH)2 precursors, especially pH and concentration of solution during synthesis.7 In this study, the coprecipitation method using engineered reactor was used in order to overcome the problems of non-uniform dispersal of Al in transition metal and broad size distribution of products. The method for making NCA hydroxide with desired size and tap density was demonstrated as shown in fig 1. NCA hydroxide, which is NC hydroxide with Al affixed on the surface, synthesized by this method has high tap density (over 2.0g/cc). The control of supersaturation during nucleation and crystal growth of Al on the NC hydroxide allows control of Al formation with a few hundred nanometers. This method also allows control for various sizes homogeneously. Through the calcination process with atmosphere control, the Al was well diffused and distributed to the core of the final product, LNCAO2 cathode material. The NCA cathode material has good cycle characteristics because Al, which acts as a ‘pillar’ in the interslab space, can suppress the crystallographic phase and decrease the irreversible capacity4. And it has been investigated by atomic scale probe. The revolutionary method described here is also being used to incorporate other various metal ion sources into transition metal ions to improve electrochemical performance and safety characteristics of high nickel containing cathode materials. Furthermore, this method is useful for triple layer and core-shell cathode material application. References 1. Ohzuku et al., Solid States Ionics, 201, 69 (1994). 2. Winter el al., Electrochim. Acta, 52, 7286 (2007). 4. Subramanian et al., Solid State Ionics, 148, 351 (2002). 5. Majumder et al., J. Power Sources ,154, 262 (2006). 6. Lee et al., J. Power Sources, 97, 308 (2001). 7. Yoon et al., Electrochem. Solid-State Let., 12, A211 (2009).
Objective: The etiology of Kawasaki disease(KD) remains unknown, and several infectious agents have been proposed as the etiology of KD. There have been some studies, stating that KD and Mycoplasma pneumoniae(M. pneumoniae) infection are linked. So authors performed a prospective study to elucidate whether there is association between KD and M. pneumoniae infection. Subjects and Methods: Subjects are 36 patients with KD who admitted to Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital from January 2013 through August 2014. Patients were assigned to the M. pneumoniae group and the control group according to anti-mycoplasmal IgM antibody(AMA) titers. Clinical features, laboratory findings, courses and outcomes were compared between two groups. Results: AMA were positive or indeterminate in 11 patients(30.6%; M. pneumoniae group) and were negative in 25 patients(69.4%; control group). There were no significant differences between two groups in age and sex distributions, duration of fever, laboratory findings(WBC counts, ESR, CRP, AST, ALT, bilirubin), chest X-ray findings, and echocardiographic abnormalities(coronary arterial lesion, pericardial effusion, valvular regurgitation, LV dysfunction). AMA titers were rechecked in 6 patients, of whom 5(83.3%) showed decreased titers and 1(16.7%) showed an increased titer. All of patients were treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin and oral aspirin. Conclusion: Although AMA was detected in some patients with KD, it did not affect clinical features, laboratory findings, courses and outcomes of KD. In most cases AMA titers were decreased in the second examinations, so authors think that M. pneumoniae infection was a previous infection rather than a concurrent infection in some patients with KD and it did not act as a causative agent of KD.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.