Aims The 2019 report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas provides a contemporary analysis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics across 56 member countries, with particular emphasis on international inequalities in disease burden and healthcare delivery together with estimates of progress towards meeting 2025 World Health Organization (WHO) non-communicable disease targets. Methods and results In this report, contemporary CVD statistics are presented for member countries of the ESC. The statistics are drawn from the ESC Atlas which is a repository of CVD data from a variety of sources including the WHO, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the World Bank. The Atlas also includes novel ESC sponsored data on human and capital infrastructure and cardiovascular healthcare delivery obtained by annual survey of the national societies of ESC member countries. Across ESC member countries, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and diabetes has increased two- to three-fold during the last 30 years making the WHO 2025 target to halt rises in these risk factors unlikely to be achieved. More encouraging have been variable declines in hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption but on current trends only the reduction in smoking from 28% to 21% during the last 20 years appears sufficient for the WHO target to be achieved. The median age-standardized prevalence of major risk factors was higher in middle-income compared with high-income ESC member countries for hypertension {23.8% [interquartile range (IQR) 22.5–23.1%] vs. 15.7% (IQR 14.5–21.1%)}, diabetes [7.7% (IQR 7.1–10.1%) vs. 5.6% (IQR 4.8–7.0%)], and among males smoking [43.8% (IQR 37.4–48.0%) vs. 26.0% (IQR 20.9–31.7%)] although among females smoking was less common in middle-income countries [8.7% (IQR 3.0–10.8) vs. 16.7% (IQR 13.9–19.7%)]. There were associated inequalities in disease burden with disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 people due to CVD over three times as high in middle-income [7160 (IQR 5655–8115)] compared with high-income [2235 (IQR 1896–3602)] countries. Cardiovascular disease mortality was also higher in middle-income countries where it accounted for a greater proportion of potential years of life lost compared with high-income countries in both females (43% vs. 28%) and males (39% vs. 28%). Despite the inequalities in disease burden across ESC member countries, survey data from the National Cardiac Societies of the ESC showed that middle-income member countries remain severely under-resourced compared with high-income countries in terms of cardiological person-power and technological infrastructure. Under-resourcing in middle-income countries is associated with a severe procedural deficit compared with high-income countries in terms of coronary intervention, device implantation and cardiac surgical procedures. Conclusion A seemingly inexorable rise in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes currently provides the greatest challenge to achieving further reductions in CVD burden across ESC member countries. Additional challenges are provided by inequalities in disease burden that now require intensification of policy initiatives in order to reduce population risk and prioritize cardiovascular healthcare delivery, particularly in the middle-income countries of the ESC where need is greatest.

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, грацианский Н. а.1 от имени участников регистра РЕКОРд-3 # Цель. Оценка гендерных различий течения заболевания и лечения на госпи-тальном этапе ведения пациентов с острым коронарным синдромом с подъе-мом сегмента ST (ОКспST) по данным Российского регистра острых коронар-ных синдромов "РЕКОРд-3". Материал и методы. Исследование осуществлялось на основании данных российского регистра ОКс "РЕКОРд-3", который проводился в 47 стациона-рах 37 городов России. В регистр включались все последовательно поступав-шие пациенты с ОКс, госпитализированные в стационары-участники регистра в марте-апреле 2015г, всего -2370 больных с ОКс. Из общей группы больных были выделены пациенты с диагнозом при поступлении острый коронарный синдром с подъемом сегмента ST (n=864). средний возраст пациентов с ОКс-пST составил 62,6±12,4 лет. Из общего количества пациентов с ОКспST 712 (82,4%) больных были первично госпитализированы в инвазивные центры, остальные (n=152, 17,6%) -в неинвазивные. Проводился анализ данных госпитального этапа ведения больных, включая назначение реперфузионных методик и объем медикаментозной терапии. Результаты. Больше половины (68%) пациентов, госпитализированных с диагнозом ОКспST были мужского пола, при этом госпитализированные женщины были более чем на 10 лет старше мужчин. Пациентки с ОКс женского пола характеризовались большей исходной клинической тяжестью по частоте артериальной гипертензии (аг), стенокардии, хронической сердечной недо-статочности (ХсН), сахарного диабета (сд) 2 типа и фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) в анамнезе. Выявлена большая частота острой сердечной недостаточно-сти (сН) (Killip II-IV) у пациентов с ОКс женского пола. Не найдено гендерных различий по времени от начала болевого синдрома до госпитализации паци-ентов обоего пола в стационар, так и по времени от поступления пациентов до проведения эндоваскулярного вмешательства. Однако коронаровентрику-лография (КВг), чрескожные коронарные вмешательства (ЧКВ), тромболити-ческая терапия (ТЛТ) проводились достоверно реже (р=0,0001) у пациентов женского пола, чем у мужчин. Определена более высокая частота летальности при ОКспST в группе пациентов женского пола, по сравнению с пациентами-мужчинами (17,5% vs. 6,3%, p=0,0001). Однофакторный анализ выявил фак-торы, связанные с ненаправлением пациентов на экстренную коронарогра-фию: пожилой возраст (старше 60 лет), женский пол, кардиоваскулярная коморбидность и острая сердечная недостаточность при поступлении. Заключение. По результатам анализа данных российского регистра ОКс "РЕКОРд-3" выявлены особенности пациентов с ОКспST женского пола: сред-ний возраст таких пациентов на 10 лет старше возраста пациентов мужского пола; они характеризуются большей, чем мужчины кардиоваскулярной комор-бидностью и более тяжелым течением ОКс; больным с ОКс женского пола значимо реже проводятся реперфузионные методы лечения, в том числе на амбулаторном этапе до развития ОКс, что сопровождается достоверно худшим прогнозом этих больных.Российский кардиологический журнал 2017, 6 (146): 122-131 http://dx

The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) ranges from 2.3–23%. This difference in the incidence of AF is explained by the different ages of the patients in different studies and the different times of application of both reperfusion and drug therapies in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). About 6–8% of patients who underwent percutaneous intervention within AMI have an indication for oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists or new oral anticoagulants (NOAC).The use of oral anticoagulant therapy should be consistent with individual risk of bleeding as well as ischemic risk. Both HAS-BLED and CHA2DS2VASc scores are most commonly used for risk assessment. Except in patients with mechanical valves and antiphospholipid syndrome, NOACs have an advantage over vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). One of the advantages of NOACs is the use of fixed doses, where there is no need for successive INR controls, which increases the patient’s compliance in taking these drugs. The use of triple therapy in ACS is indicated in the case of patients with AF, mechanical valves as well as venous thromboembolism. The results of the studies showed that when choosing a P2Y12 receptor blocker, less potent P2Y12 blockers such as Clopidogrel should be chosen, due to the lower risk of bleeding. It has been proven that the presence of AF within AMI is associated with a higher degree of reinfarction, more frequent stroke, high incidence of heart failure, and there is a correlation with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. With the appearance of AF in ACS, its rapid conversion into sinus rhythm is necessary, and in the last resort, good control of heart rate in order to avoid the occurrence of adverse clinical events.

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Circadian variation of onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been noted in many studies, but there are no data about subgroups of patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Because of abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of autonomic tone after surgery, it was very interesting to analyze the circadian patterns in the onset of symptoms of AMI in various subgroups of 1784 patients with previous CABG. As in the other studies, a peak occurred in the morning hours with 26.3% of the patients, but there was a second nearly equal, but higher, peak (26.4%) in the evening hours. The subgroups with specific clinical characteristics exhibited different patterns that determined these peaks in all populations. In patients older than 70 years of age, in both sexes, in smokers, diabetics, in patients with hypertension, in those undergoing beta-blocker therapy, and in patients without previous angina, two nearly equal peaks were observed, with higher evening peaks, except in those patients with hypertension and without angina. Only one peak in the evening hours was observed in a subgroup of patients with previous congestive heart failure (CHF) and non-STEMI. The subgroup of patients with previous angina and previous AMI exhibited no discernible peaks. The distribution of time of onset within the four intervals was not uniform, and the difference was statistically significant only for patients undergoing beta-blocker therapy at time of onset (p = 0.0013), nonsmokers (p = 0.0283), and patients with non-STEMI (p = 0.0412). It is well known that patients with AMI have a dominant morning peak of circadian variation of onset. However, analyzing a different subgroup of patients with AMI after previous CABG, it was found that some subgroups had two peaks of onset, but a higher evening peak (patients older than 70 years of age, smokers, diabetics, and a group of patients who were taking beta-blocker therapy). This subgroup of patients, together with the subgroups of patients with a dominant evening peak (patients with CHF and those with non-STEMI) and with patients with no peak (patients with previous angina and previous AMI), probably appear to modify characteristic circadian variation of infarction onset, expressing a higher evening peak, respectively to the previous CABG, with adverse consequences for central nervous system functioning.

Performance of platelet function tests is necessary in the case of major adverse cardiac events especially stent thrombosis, after implantation of intracoronary stent.

To present a 19-year experience of the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS), 748 patients with AMI after prior CABS (postbypass group) and a control group of 1080 patients with AMI, but without prior CABS, were analyzed. All indexes of infarct size were lower in the postbypass group. There was more ventricular fibrillation in the postbypass group. In-hospital mortality was similar (p = 0.3675). In the follow-up period, postbypass patients had more heart failure, recurrent CABS, reinfarction, and unstable angina than did control patients. Cumulative survival was better in the control group than in the postbypass group (p = 0.0403). Multiple logistic regression model showed that previous angina (p = 0.0005), diabetes (p = 0.0058), and age (p = 0.0102) were independent predictor factors for survival. Use of digitalis and diuretics, together with previous angina, also influenced survival (p = 0.0092), as well as male gender, older patients, and diabetes together (p = 0.0420). Patients with AMI after prior CABS had smaller infarct, but more reinfarction, reoperation, heart failure, and angina. Previous angina, diabetes, and age, independently, as well as use of digitalis and diuretics together with angina, and male gender, older patients, and diabetes together, influenced a worse survival rate in these patients.