No abstract
In this study, polysulfone fibers with various surface morphologies were developed using electrocentrifuge spinning system. The effects of a number of parameters, including the solvent system, spinning system angular velocity, and relative humidity, on the fiber morphology were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, porosimetry [Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)], and contact angle test. The results showed that the fibers prepared from the acetone/dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent system had higher micro/nano roughness than those fabricated from the tetrahydrofuran/DMF solvent system, that is to say, the higher the vapor pressure of the solvent, the higher the surface roughness. The acetone/DMF system created fibers that had internal porosity. Also, the relative humidity had a significant effect on providing micro/nano roughness, so that increasing the relative humidity led to an increase in the surface roughness. The increase in the angular velocity caused to stretch the micro/nano patterns and increase the fiber diameter. The results of the BET confirmed the microscopic observations. With the increase in the relative humidity and the use of the acetone/DMF system, porosity, and specific surface area of the fiber increased. X‐ray diffraction analysis was also performed and it was found that the presence of moisture did not affect the crystallinity of the fibers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47513.
No abstract
Water addition plays a pivotal role in prolonging the catalytic dehydrogenation reactions and normally starts at the beginning of the dehydrogenation process. A delayed water injection strategy is proposed in this study to improve the performance of bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst utilized for long-chain alkanes (nC10–C13) dehydrogenation in the industrial scale. The dehydrogenation reactions took place at a pressure of 0.11–0.13 MPa and temperature varied between 470 and 490 °C. Postponing the water supply until the middle of run leads to longer operating life for the catalyst and consequently reduces the production costs significantly. In addition, it promotes the quality of the final product by decreasing the undesired by-products and results in higher production capacities (by 1.5 %) in the industrial scale. Characterization of the deactivated dehydrogenation catalysts using different methods allows the understanding of the boosted performance of the catalyst arising from postponing the water injection process. Moreover, the proposed strategy reduces the waste production by decreasing the ratio of loaded catalyst to the desired product (by 23 %) and thus alleviates the negative environmental impact of the process. Furthermore, it results in lower energy consumption and promotes the mitigation of CO2 gas emissions by 3 % which can be effective in tackling environmental challenges in the large scale.
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