In this article, we have reviewed the prevalence, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment of COVID-19 in children. The incidence of COVID-19 among children under 18 years was 2.1% based on the reported studies, where the mortality rate in the same age group was 0.2%. No death has been reported in children under 9-years old. There are some articles that report children with COVID-19 having symptoms similar to Kawasaki's disease. In these cases, heart complications were observed. The best markers for diagnosing the severity of the disease in children are the levels of bilirubin and hepatic enzymes. Large number of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on cell surfaces, effective innate immune system, and high level of blood lymphocyte have been reported to be the potent reasons for lower incidence of severe symptoms of COVID-19 among children. Children can very well be the carriers of this virus. Children with severe COVID-19 clinical symptoms, especially those suffering from pneumonia, must be hospitalized similar to adults, while quarantine is required for those having mild symptoms. Antiviral medication (lopinavir, darunavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, ribavirin, oseltamivir, tocilizumab, and umifenovir), ACE inhibitors, interferon-α2b, co-therapy with azithromycin, inhaling iNO, and oxygen therapy can be used for treatment. For the treatment of children without any clinical and infection symptoms, home isolation protocol has been recommended.

Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was hydrolyzed with papain, trypsin and a combination of the two to isolate antioxidant peptides. The prepared hydrolysates were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, metal ion chelation and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The obtained hydrolysate by a combination of the two enzymes exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other hydrolysates and elected for isolation of antioxidant peptides by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A most potent fraction namely F2 fraction, identified to be NTDGSTDYGILQ-INSR (MW: 1753.98 ± 0.5 Da) using tandem mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the F2 peptide was tested using radial diffusion assay (RDA). Our results showed that this peptide has inhibitory effects on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the F2 peptide against Escherichia coli and Leuconostoc mesenteroides bacteria were 355.64 (±2.2) and 442.25 (±2.8) lg/ml, respectively.

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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized with a series of amino acids (lysine, arginine, cysteine, histidine, and aspartic acid) by sonication. Surface functional groups of the treated MWCNTs were investigated by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated the formation of various amino acid functionalities on the MWCNT surface, as well as the improved dispersion of MWCNTs in water. After functionalization, the antioxidant activity of all treated samples was analyzed using 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, and reducing power assays. The antioxidant activity of the functionalized MWCNTs was 2-2.5 times greater than that of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ABTS radical scavenging, 1.5-5 times greater than that of GSH in reducing power, 1.3-1.8 times greater than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in DPPH scavenging, and 3-10 times greater than that of GSH in hydroxyl radical scavenging. Accordingly, the amino acid-functionalized MWCNTs were appeared to be more potent than BHA and GSH synthetic antioxidants, and can thus be considered as excellent antioxidants to scavenge free radicals.

In this paper, we reinforced the antifungal activity of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using an effective technique. Covalent functionalization of MWCNTs was performed by lysine and arginine under microwave radiation. To prove functionalization phenomenon, the grafted chemical groups on the surfaces of MWCNTs were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Antifungal activities of functionalized MWCNTs as well as pristine MWCNTs were tested against different fungal species based on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and radial diffusion assay. MIC results showed that the antifungal activity of MWCNTs‐lysine, in comparison to pristine MWCNTs against fungi, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candidate albicans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium culmorum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Penicillium lilacinum were increased 1.92, 2.36, 2.35, 1.3, 1.5, 1.1, 2.54, 1.23, 1.42 and 2.1 times, respectively. Similarly, the antifungal activity of MWCNTs‐arginine was increased 1.98, 2.40, 2.55, 1.8, 1.9, 1.7, 2.64, 1.36, 2.1 and 2.55 times, respectively. On the basis of the results of this study, it is clearly indicated that covalent groups of lysine and arginine could improve the antifungal activity of MWCNTs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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