A 3-year-old girl with a history of continuous urinary incontinence was found to have a right single-system ectopic ureter. She underwent laparoendoscopic single-site nephrectomy without any intraoperative or postoperative complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a laparoendoscopic single-site nephrectomy for single-system ectopic ureter in a child.

For all patients the BMI and serum testosterone levels were checked at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. RESULTSAmong the evaluable 107 patients, the dutasteride (33) and combination groups (37) had significantly greater increases in serum testosterone level (16.3% and 15%, respectively) than the α -blocker group (37; 0.3%) after 1 year of treatment (both P < 0.001). When analysed by baseline serum testosterone tertile, the increases in serum testosterone level among the dutasteride and combination group were greatest in the lowest tertile. For BMI, the dutasteride and combination group had mean decreases of 0.17 and 0.20 kg/m 2 , respectively, at 1 year, whereas the α -blocker group had a mean increase of 0.04 kg/m 2 . The decreases in BMI for the dutasteride and combination group were statistically significant only in the lowest tertile ( P = 0.048 and 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSIONOur results show that dutasteride treatment in men with BPH led to a significant increase in serum testosterone level and a significant decrease in BMI among those with relatively lower baseline serum testosterone levels. KEYWORDSprostate, prostatic hyperplasia, dutasteride, testosterone, body mass index Study Type -Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of dutasteride on serum testosterone level and body mass index (BMI) in men who received medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 120 patients with BPH were randomized to three treatment groups: tamsulosin 0.2 mg/day ( α -blocker group), dutasteride 0.5 mg/day (dutasteride group), or tamsulosin 0.2 mg plus dutasteride 0.5 mg/day (combination group) for 1 year.

• RPN provides a higher recurrence-free survival rate than RFA. • Unlike RPN, repeat RFA is easy to perform for recurrent RCC. • Endophytic RCC could be better treated with RFA.

Background Few studies report on indications for prostate biopsy using Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD). No study to date has included biopsy-naïve and prior biopsy-negative patients. Therefore, we evaluated the predictive values of the PI-RADS, version 2 (v2) score combined with PSAD to decrease unnecessary biopsies in biopsy-naïve and prior biopsy-negative patients. Materials and methods A total of 1,098 patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging at our hospital before a prostate biopsy and who underwent their second prostate biopsy with an initial benign negative prostatic biopsy were included. We found factors associated with clinically significant prostate cancer (csPca). We assessed negative predictive values by stratifying biopsy outcomes by prior biopsy history and PI-RADS score combined with PSAD. Results The median age was 65 years (interquartile range: 59-70), and the median PSA was 5.1 ng/mL (interquartile range: 3.8-7.1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, prostate volume, PSAD, and PI-RADS score were independent predictors of csPca. In a biopsy-naïve group, 4% with PI-RADS score 1 or 2 had csPca; in a prior biopsy-negative group, 3% with PI-RADS score 1 or 2 had csPca. The csPca detection rate was 2.0% for PSA density <0.15 ng/mL/mL and 4.0% for PSA density 0.15-0.3 ng/mL/mL among patients with PI-RADS score 3 in a biopsy-naïve group. The csPca detection rate was 1.8% for PSA density <0.15 ng/mL/mL and 0.15-0.3 ng/mL/mL among patients with PI-RADS score 3 in a prior biopsy-negative group. Conclusion Patients with PI-RADS v2 score ≤2, regardless of PSA density, may avoid unnecessary biopsy. Patients with PI-RADS score 3 may avoid unnecessary biopsy through PSA density results.