Coastal vegetation is efficient in damping incident waves even in storm events, thus providing valuable protections to coastal communities. However, large uncertainties lie in determining vegetation drag coefficients (C D), which are directly related to the wave damping capacity of a certain vegetated area. One major uncertainty is related to the different methods used in deriving C D. Currently, two methods are available, i.e. the conventional calibration approach and the new direct measurement approach. Comparative studies of these two methods are lacking to reveal their respective strengths and reduce the uncertainty. Additional uncertainty stems from the dependence of C D on flow conditions (i.e. wave-only or wave-current) and indicative parameters, i.e. Reynolds number (Re) and Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC). Recent studies have obtained C D-Re relations for combined wave-current flows, whereas C D-KC relations in such flow condition remain unexplored. Thus, this study conducts a thorough comparison between two existing methods and explores the C D-KC relations in combined wave-current flows. By a unique revisiting procedure, we show that C D derived by the direct measurement approach have a better overall performance in reproducing both acting force and the resulting wave dissipation. Therefore, a generic C D-KC relation for both wave-only and wave-current flows is proposed using direct measurement approach. Finally, a detailed comparison of these two approaches are given. The comprehensive method comparison and the obtained new C D-KC relation may lead to improved understanding and modelling of wave-vegetation interaction.
To investigate the near-field and far-field hydrodynamic conditions along the Jiangsu Coast in large scale, a two-dimensional tidal wave model which covers the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is developed and validated. After a brief review of previous models, some influencing factors, such as tide generating force, river discharges as well as shoreline changes due to land reclamation, are examined in this study. We suggest that whether these factors should be considered in the model depends on the different purposes and geographical regions of interest. Then, a series of experiments are designed to further investigate the previously proposed important factors of influence [i.e. local bathymetry and the role of Shandong Peninsula (SDP)] on the tidal motions in the Yellow Sea. The numerical experimental results show that the interaction between the tidal wave system in the northern Yellow Sea and the incoming tidal wave plays a main role on the formation of the rotating tidal wave system in the southern Yellow Sea, whereas the role of geometric position of the SDP is secondary. With respect to the tidal current, it is found that the radial shape of it is independent of the local bathymetry, but may be generated by the convergent tidal wave formed by the meeting of the rotating tidal wave in the southern Yellow Sea and the incoming tidal wave from the East China Sea. Furthermore, a certain water depth is crucial for the intensity of current velocity to generate the special topography of radial sand ridges. Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 10/05/15. For personal use only. M. Su et al. 1550008-2 Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 10/05/15. For personal use only. 1550008-3 Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 10/05/15. For personal use only. 1550008-21 Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 10/05/15. For personal use only. 1550008-25 Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 10/05/15. For personal use only. M. Su et al.Thanks are extended to Drs. Mariette van Tilburg for editing the manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the constructive suggestions from four anonymous reviewers. Appendix. Description of Model Cases and Acronyms Used in this PaperThe nine model cases in this study are described as follows:Case OM: the standard case (the original model). It is taken as the reference run and all other cases are all based on this one.Case TGF: the case which ignores TGF compared with case OM.Case RIV: the case which ignores river discharges of 14 main rivers compared with case OM.Case REC: the case in which the tidal flats along the Jiangsu Coast are replaced by land, after the reclamation, compared with case OM.Case LI: the case in which the local bathymetry near the Jiangsu Coast is replaced by linearizing r...
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