BackgroundIsolated pure blowout fractures are clinically important because they are the main cause of serious complications such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement. Many reports have described the incidence of blowout fractures associated with diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement; however, no studies have statistically analyzed this relationship. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the correlation between the location of isolated pure blowout fractures and orbital symptoms such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement.MethodsWe enrolled a total of 354 patients who had been diagnosed with isolated pure blowout fractures, based on computed tomography, from June 2008 to November 2011. Medical records were reviewed, and the prevalence of extraocular movement limitations and diplopia were determined.ResultsThere were 14 patients with extraocular movement limitation and 58 patients complained of diplopia. Extraocular movement limitation was associated with the following findings, in decreasing order of frequency: floor fracture (7.1%), extended fracture (3.6%), and medial wall (1.7%). However, there was no significant difference among the types of fractures (P=0.60). Diplopia was more commonly associated with floor fractures (21.4%) and extended type fractures (23.6%) than medial wall fractures (10.4%). The difference was statistically significant (Bonferroni-corrected chi-squared test P<0.016).ConclusionsData indicate that extended type fractures and orbital floor fractures tend to cause diplopia more commonly than medial wall fractures. However, extraocular movement limitation was not found to be dependent on the location of the orbital wall fracture.
The specific heat of polycrystalline Mg 11 B 2 has been measured with high-resolution ac calorimetry from 5 to 45 K at constant magnetic fields. The excess specific heat above T c is discussed in terms of Gaussian fluctuations and suggests that Mg 11 B 2 is a bulk superconductor with Ginzburg-Landau coherence length 0 ϭ26 Å. The transition-width broadening in field is treated in terms of lowest-Landau-level ͑LLL͒ fluctuations. That analysis requires that 0 ϭ20 Å. The underestimate of the coherence length in field, along with deviations from three-dimensional LLL predictions, suggests that there is an influence from the anisotropy of B c2 between the c axis and a-b plane.
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