This work develops simple capacitance sensors which can measure the void fraction in the annular flow of a vertical pipe. In this work plate- and ring-type sensors are considered. For the determination of the optimal gap size for each sensor type, several numerical tests are performed and numerical results show that the angle of the gap between 1 and 1.5 rad gives more outstanding performance than others for the plate-type sensor, and in the case of the ring-type sensor the larger gap distance to radius ratio gives better result. Additionally, these numerical trends are successfully compared with static phantom experiments.
We report a design of an optimized ring-type impedance sensor for water level measurements in air–water stratified flows through horizontal pipes. The ring-type sensor is optimized in view of the sensor linearity. In order to determine an optimal electrode and gap size of a ring-type sensor which generates a linear relationship between the impedance (resistance and/or reactance) and the water level, systematic numerical calculations are performed, and a ring-type impedance sensor of electrode width-to-diameter ratio 0.25 and gap-to-diameter ratio 0.2 has been selected as optimal. Lab-scale static experiments have been conducted to verify the sensor performance in terms of the linearity. Finally, this proposed sensor is installed in a horizontal loop 40 mm in diameter and roughly 5200 mm in length and measures water levels for various stratified flow conditions. The comparisons of water level measurements between the proposed sensor and the high-speed camera images post-processed by the edge detection scheme show that the maximum deviation in dimensionless water level is roughly 0.037, which corresponds to 1.5 mm over the range 40 mm.
Recently, the portion of electronic control in an engine system has been increasing with the aim of meeting the requirements of emissions and fuel efficiency of the engine system in the construction machinery industry. Correspondingly, the complexity of the engine management system (EMS) has increased. This study developed an engine HiLS system for reducing the cost and time required for function development for the EMS. The engine model for HiLS is composed of air, fuel, torque, and dynamometer models. Further, the mean value method is applied to the developed HiLS engine model. This model is validated by its application to a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation system and a turbocharger. Test results demonstrate that the model has accuracy greater than 90 and also verify the feasibility of the virtual calibration process.
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