No abstract

Guignardones A (1), B (2), and C (3), which are three meroterpenes with frameworks most probably generated through a terpenoid shikimate pathway, were characterized by a combination of spectroscopic, X‐ray crystallographic, and computational methods. The compounds were obtained from cultures of Guignardia mangiferae IFB‐GLP‐4 associated with normal Ilex cornuta leaves.

No abstract

Background/Aim: Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a beneficial effect in many kidney diseases. But little work has been done to confirm whether ginsenoside Rg1 could also exert a protective effect on anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerular nephritis (GN). We aimed to explore the role of ginsenoside Rg1 in attenuating anti-GBM GN in vitro and in vivo and investigate the mechanism under its action. Methods: Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) treated podocytes were used as a cell model. A total of 20 mice were used to build the Anti-GBM GN mice model. Real-time PCR analysis (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and ELISA assay were conducted to detect related indicators in this study. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software 6.0. Results: Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates IL-1b-induced inflammation and apoptosis in podocytes. NRF2 expression can be inhibited by IL-1b, whereas reversed by ginsenoside Rg1. NRF2 inhibitor ML385 can significantly reverse the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on inflammation and apoptosis induced by IL-1b, and block the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on IL-1b activated MAPK pathway. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 could improve anti-GBM GN injury in vivo. Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits the anti-GBM GN damage through regulating NRF2 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide new insight and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 to prevent anti-GBM GN.

We report on the largest open-shell graphenic bilayer and also the first example of triply negatively charged radical π-dimer. Upon three-electron reduction, bilayer nanographene fragment molecule (C 96 H 24 Ar 6 ) 2 (Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl) (1 2 ) was transformed to a triply negatively charged species 1 2 3*À , which has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic properties on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). 1 2 3*À features a 96-center-3electron (96c/3e) pancake bond with a doublet ground state, which can be thermally excited to a quartet state. It consists of 34 π-fused rings with 96 conjugated sp 2 carbon atoms. Spin frustration is observed with the frustration parameter f > 31.8 at low temperatures in 1 2 3*À , which indicates graphene upon reduction doping may behave as a quantum spin liquid.