A substantial threat to the overall health of the American public is nonadherence to medications used to treat diabetes, as well as physicians' failure to initiate patients' use of those medications. To address this problem, we evaluated an integrated, pharmacy-based program to improve patients' adherence and physicians' initiation rates. The study included 5,123 patients with diabetes in the intervention group and 24,124 matched patients with diabetes in the control group. The intervention consisted of outreach from both mail-order and retail pharmacists who had specific information from the pharmacy benefit management company on patients' adherence to medications and use of concomitant therapies. The interventions improved patients' medication adherence rates by 2.1 percent and increased physicians' initiation rates by 38 percent, compared to the control group. The benefits were greater in patients who received counseling in the retail setting than in those who received phone calls from pharmacists based in mail-order pharmacies. This suggests that the in-person interaction between the retail pharmacist and patient contributed to improved behavior. The interventions were cost-effective, with a return on investment of approximately $3 for every $1 spent. These findings highlight the central role that pharmacists can play in promoting the appropriate initiation of and adherence to therapy for chronic diseases.

The prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has interested researchers in recent decades. According to the World Health Organization, NCD causes more deaths annually than all other causes combine, making it the leading cause of death globally [1]. A study [2] implementing an NCD prevention program using information communication technology was conducted by Kyushu University and Grameen Communications. A Portable Health Clinic (PHC) package with medical sensors (e.g., blood pressure [BP] monitors, blood glucose meters, weighing scales) was developed to provide health checkups, health risk assessments, and teleconsultations with a remote physician over Skype. Data were collected from 16,741 subjects at 10 locations (including urban and rural regions) in Bangladesh between July 2012 and February 2014 [2].

Objective: To explore the effect of combined duty mode on discovery and control of medical nursing hidden trouble. Method: In order to make sure that patients are in the first place, we should take the mode of combined duty of administrative management, medical treatment and nursing. Results： The incidence of nursing errors and defects reduced, and patients' satisfaction improved. the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Results: Combined duty can the reduce medical nursing defects, improve the efficiency of quality health care services and the management efficiency.

population of 30 pharmacists filled the questionnaires and validity test was done. A sample of 700 pharmacists was selected among ten leading provinces of the country and questionnaires were distributed at the continuing pharmacy education conferences at which pharmacists all over the country have to participate. RESULTS: Three essential factors named "Endogenous Satisfaction", "Exogenous Satisfaction" and "Current Sense of Being Pharmacists" were considered as the main job satisfaction factors and a mean score of Ͼ3 -based on a 5-point Likert scale-was considered as high job satisfaction. Generally low scores of exogenous and endogenous job satisfaction were concluded among pharmacists while most of them were highly satisfied with being pharmacist. Male pharmacists were more satisfied than their female colleagues and a positive relationship between age and work experience with exogenous job satisfaction was found. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of job satisfaction which were found among Iranian pharmacists could be considered as a deficiency of health system in Iran. Fortunately, inherent interest in the pharmacy profession found among Iranian pharmacists is an optimistic point at which policy makers could develop their modifying policies. Health policy makers must endeavor to take other steps to issue solutions for this current problem. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effectiveness and cost of pharmaceutical care volunteer team set up by Tainan City Government involved in the hospital attached home care patients. METHODS: Tainan City Government set up a pharmaceutical care volunteer team. Members include six hospitals and fourteen pharmacists. Pharmacists visited their home once a month to give them education on drug administration, drug interaction, duplicated drug use, adverse drug reaction etc. Pharmacists were created drug profile for each patient and recorded the items of education and discussed with their visiting physicians about their drug regimen in case there were inappropriated drug usage. The outcome measures included the decrease of items and quantities of drugs prescribed in one prescription, patients' knowledge of drug safety, and the decrease of drug cost and the estimated cost of preventing potential adverse drug effect or drug interactions. RESULTS: Total 583 patients include in this study, the average number of drugs prescribed to one patient was 5.93. There were 50.48% (209/414) and 24.88% (103/414) of patients treated with poly-pharmacy and used drugs inappropriately, respectively. The most common medication-related problems were the use of medication without proper indication 12.56% (52/414), repeat medication 2.90% (12/414), inappropriate administrate route 8.21% (34/414), poor compliance 47.83% (198/414), the potential adverse drug reactions and drug interactions appeared in 6 patients (1.45%) and 26 patients (6.28%), respectively. The effectiveness of pharmaceutical care volunteer team intervation included the physicians prescibing medications appropriately and reduced the items of average 5.46 med...