The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is one of the most successful marine bioinvaders on record. Native to the Atlantic coast of the Americas, M. leidyi invaded the Black Sea, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas beginning the in late 1980s, followed by the North and Baltic Seas starting in 2006, with major concomitant alterations in pelagic ecology, including fishery collapses in some cases. Using extensive native range sampling (21 sites), along with 11 invasive sites in the Black, Caspian, Mediterranean, North and Baltic Seas, we examined M. leidyi worldwide phylogeographic patterns using data from mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and six nuclear microsatellite loci. Cytb and microsatellite data sets showed different levels of genetic differentiation in the native range. Analyses of cytb data revealed considerable genetic differentiation, recovering three major clusters (northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean, and South America) and further divided northwestern Atlantic sampling sites into three groups, separated approximately at Cape Hatteras on the US Atlantic coast and at the Floridian peninsula, separating the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. In contrast, microsatellite data only distinguished samples north and south of Cape Hatteras, and suggested considerable gene flow among native samples with clear evidence of isolation by distance. Both Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

The taxonomic relationship between two Korean field mice species, Apodemus agrarius coreae and A. a. chejuensis, as well as their possible historic migration routes, was examined by molecular genetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 73 mice collected from the Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. Our findings suggest that A. a. coreae and A. a. chejuensis populations expanded and dispersed rapidly. Bayesian and network analysis showed that A. a. chejuensis is a clearly distinct population, and that A. a. chejuensis originated from the ancestral lineage of A. a. coreae. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the A. a. coreae population originated from eastern China or elsewhere. After the last glacial epoch, the lineage isolated from A. a. coreae had adapted to the new environment of Jeju Island, and with the reproductive isolation caused by the geographic barrier, this lineage eventually became a distinct population.

:We investigated the growth pattern of Red-tongued viper snakes (Gloydius ussuriensis),

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The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the Chinese many-toothed snake, Sibynophis chinensis, was sequenced and found to be 17,163 bp in length. The arrangement of 13 protein-coding genes, tRNAs and rRNAs was identical to that of other common snake mt genomes. The mt protein-coding genes of S. chinensis utilized ATA, ATG, ATA and GTG as initiation codons and AGA, AGG, TAA, TAG and T as termination codons. Among three tRNA clusters (LQM, WANCY and HSL), LQM was found instead of IQM, which is common in other vertebrates. We also identified two control regions that contained several conserved elements known as conserved sequence blocks and termination-associated sequences related to mt replication and transcription.

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남생이 서식처 복원을 위한 서식처 모형 연구* 김수련 2) ․이지현 1) ․송재영 3) ․장민호 3) ․성현찬 4) ․조동길 1) 1) 넥서스환경디자인연구원(주)․ 2) 단국대학교 대학원 3) 국립공원관리공단 국립공원연구원․ 4) 단국대학교 녹지조경학과