Embryo maturation in yellow cypress (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) seeds was studied at the morphological, anatomical, and biochemical level over the second and third seasons of seed development. Monthly cone collections were made from six open-pollinated families from two seed orchards. The average number of seeds and embryos per cone for each family was 8.8 and 4.6, respectively. Sixty to 70% of those embryos harvested from early collection dates (December 1988–March 1989) were precotyledonary (stages 1 and 2), with an average length of 0.5 mm. By April 1989 a distinct shift in the proportion of precotyledonary (stages 1 and 2) to late cotyledonary (stages 5 and 6) embryos was observed. The frequency of late cotyledonary (stages 5 and 6) embryos was 100% by August 1989 of the third growing season and averaged 2.5 mm in overall size. Moisture loss and dry weight accumulation were still progressing at the time of seed dispersal and may suggest embryo immaturity. Anatomical studies revealed protein and lipid bodies were present as early as the stage 1 embryo and became increasingly abundant during maturation. The major storage proteins isolated from protein bodies of embryo tissues had apparent molecular masses of 37, 36, 35, 34, 28, 26, and 24 kDa. Based on their solubility characteristics, the proteins were identified as buffer-soluble albumins that contained intermolecular disulfide linkages. Storage proteins were detected in early stage embryos and increased in abundance throughout maturation. Upon germination, storage proteins slowly declined to low levels by 16 and 20 days postgermination. The evidence suggests that yellow cypress embryos may be immature at the time of seed dispersal and this immaturity may contribute to the poor germination exhibited by this species.

Mature yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatens& (D. Don) Spach) embroys were exposed to a range of N6-benzyladenine concentrations in a variety of culture media generally used for conifer caulogenesis. All seven media supported the induction of adventitious shoots but Schenk & Hildebrandt medium was the best. The best cytokinin level of N6-benzyladenine was 0.35 mg 1 ~. This resulted in an average of 4-5 large adventitious shoots per explant. Shoots arose primarily from the cotyledons regardless of whether they were in contact with the medium or not. Embryos from seeds stratified four weeks at 21 °C and eight weeks at 5 °C were more caulogenic than unstratified controls. An additional four weeks at 5 °C caused a change in the pattern of shoot induction in that shoots arose from the hypocotyl as well as the cotyledons. Shoots elongated on basal Schenk & Hildebrandt medium. The best rooting response was obtained under non-sterile greenhouse conditions where approximately 60% of the shoots formed roots. Over a 12-month period the average shoot height ranged between 10-13.9cm with a stem diameter of 2.29 2.68 mm. These propagules are still being grown under forest nursery conditions.