Macaques are commonly found in Malaysia, with the current existing three species placed between endangered to least concern status under the IUCN Red List, namely the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), and the notorious long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The species classified under the endangered and vulnerable group are facing threats mainly from the loss of habitat. Conversely, species that are categorized as least concerned are often cited at the top of human-wildlife conflicts reports in various countries, although they too are facing pressure from habitat loss. There are different methods employed to control the fast-growing population of these species, calling for different levels of investment in terms of resources. It is of great interest to understand the disparities between these species, as they are able to adapt to environmental changes and some find ways to survive in alternative localities, including urban areas. The proximity of macaques to human dwellings raises a public health concern through the transmission of zoonotic diseases. More scientific studies are imperative in order to further understand the needs of these animals for continued survival and co-existence with humans and other animals in the ecosystem. Urgent efforts must be taken to preserve the macaque’s natural habitats while creating the public awareness on the predicament of these species. The focus should be on human-wildlife conflicts todispute the existing false impression that all macaques are on equal ground and abundance in numbers.
This is the first case report for the positive Trypanosoma evansi incident in Kelantan, Malaysia confirmed through protozoa detection in a Siam B mare. The horse was presented with complaints of lethargy and inappetence and it collapsed on the day of visit. Normal saline and dextrose solution were administered intravenously, while multivitamins and nerve supplements were given intramuscularly to stabilise the horse before further treatment. Haematological findings showed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and are suggestive of regenerative anaemia. Thin blood smear and examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma sp., and it was confirmed as T. evansi through molecular identification. The horse was found dead 2 days after and post‐mortem was conducted. Histopathology revealed that the horse had developed a neurological form of the disease, besides the detection of the protozoa in heart, spleen and kidney tissue. This first positive Surra case in Kelantan, Malaysia, that is bordering Thailand confirms the increasing concern of transboundary infections. In conclusion, Surra is a potential emerging disease and should be considered as differential diagnosis in horses with pale mucous membrane. This condition is particularly imperative in horses found in these regions as Surra is endemic.
A tresia ani is defined as a rare congenital deformity of the anus and rectum, which occasionally occurs in new-born animals. Although the condition is found in animals worldwide, atresia ani is rarely encountered in Malaysian livestock, possibly underreported. There are four types of atresia ani have been identified which are characterised by anal stenosis (Type I), imperforated anus with blind rectal pouch (Type II), or combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as blind pouch (Type III), and lastly, the discontinuation of the proximal rectum with the normal and terminal rectum (Type IV) (Vianna and Tobias, 2005). Atresia ani occurs as a result of incomplete development of urorectal fold to separate the cloaca of the hindgut or failure of the anal membrane to form an anal canal during embryonic development (Papazoglou & Ellison, 2012). The condition can occur in various animal species and most commonly reported in ruminants (Dennis & Leipold, 1972; Kiliç & Sarierler, 2004). Although atresia ani is a heritable condition, male animals are more affected than females, with higher prevalence being reported in the indigenous breed (72%) compared to crossbred (28%) in a previous study (Hossain et al., 2014). The diagnosis is based on the age, history, and physical examination of the perineal region, including digital palpation if the anal opening is present (Sutar et al., 2010) and accompanied by radiography for confirmation (Papazoglou & Ellison, 2012). Atresia ani can be corrected via surgical intervention, which is the goal treatment with variable prognosis (Kiliç & Sarierler, 2004). This case report highlights a case of atresia ani in a 3-day old lamb, which successfully treated via anal surgical reconstruction. Case DetailsA 3-day-old male Malin lamb was presented to the Veterinary Clinic of University Malaysia Kelantan, with the complaint of the absence of anal opening, no defecation, and distended abdomen, which were noticed after birth. General physical examination on the lamb exhibited nor-
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