Pest attacks on plants can substantially change plants’ volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission profiles. Comparison of VOC emission profiles between non-infected/non-infested and infected/infested plants, as well as resistant and susceptible plant cultivars, may provide cues for a deeper understanding of plant-pest interactions and associated resistance. Furthermore, the identification of biomarkers—specific biogenic VOCs—associated with the resistance can serve as a non-destructive and rapid tool for phenotyping applications. This research aims to compare the VOCs emission profiles under diverse conditions to identify constitutive (also referred to as green VOCs) and induced (resulting from biotic/abiotic stress) VOCs released in potatoes and wheat. In the first study, wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum (accession# 22; SB22) was inoculated with Meloidogyne chitwoodi race 1 (Mc1), and Mc1 pathotype Roza (SB22 is resistant to Mc1 and susceptible to pathotype Roza), and VOCs emission profiles were collected using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) at different time points. Similarly, in the second study, the VOCs emission profiles of resistant (‘Hollis’) and susceptible (‘Alturas’) wheat cultivars infested with Hessian fly insects were evaluated using the GC-FID system. In both studies, in addition to variable plant responses (susceptibility to pests), control treatments (non-inoculated or non-infested) were used to compare the VOCs emission profiles resulting from differences in stress conditions. The common VOC peaks (constitutive VOCs) between control and infected/infested samples, and unique VOC peaks (induced VOCs) presented only in infected/infested samples were analyzed. In the potato-nematode study, the highest unique peak was found two days after inoculation (DAI) for SB22 inoculated with Mc1 (resistance response). The most common VOC peaks in SB22 inoculated with both Mc1 and Roza were found at 5 and 10 DAI. In the wheat-insect study, only the Hollis showed unique VOC peaks. Interestingly, both cultivars released the same common VOCs between control and infected samples, with only a difference in VOC average peak intensity at 22.4 min retention time where the average intensity was 4.3 times higher in the infested samples of Hollis than infested samples of Alturas. These studies demonstrate the potential of plant VOCs to serve as a rapid phenotyping tool to assess resistance levels in different crops.
Normalization of anisotropic solar reflectance is an essential factor that needs to be considered for field-based phenotyping applications to ensure reliability, consistency, and interpretability of time-series multispectral data acquired using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Different models have been developed to characterize the bidirectional reflectance distribution function. However, the substantial variation in crop breeding trials, in terms of vegetation structure configuration, creates challenges to such modeling approaches. This study evaluated the variation in standard vegetation indices and its relationship with ground-reference data (measured crop traits such as seed/grain yield) in multiple crop breeding trials as a function of solar zenith angles (SZA). UAV-based multispectral images were acquired and utilized to extract vegetation indices at SZA across two different latitudes. The pea and chickpea breeding materials were evaluated in a high latitude (46°36′39.92″ N) zone, whereas the rice lines were assessed in a low latitude (3°29′42.43″ N) zone. In general, several of the vegetation index data were affected by SZA (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index, green normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference red-edge index, etc.) in both latitudes. Nevertheless, the simple ratio index (SR) showed less variability across SZA in both latitude zones amongst these indices. In addition, it was interesting to note that the correlation between vegetation indices and ground-reference data remained stable across SZA in both latitude zones. In summary, SR was found to have a minimum anisotropic reflectance effect in both zones, and the other vegetation indices can be utilized to evaluate relative differences in crop performances, although the absolute data would be affected by SZA.
Grassland pastures are crucial for the global food supply through their milk and meat production; hence, forage species monitoring is essential for cattle feed. Therefore, knowledge of pasture above-ground canopy features help understand the crop status. This paper finds how to construct machine learning models to predict above-ground canopy features in Brachiaria pasture from ground truth data (GTD) and remote sensing at larger (satellite data on the cloud) and smaller (unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)) scales. First, we used above-ground biomass (AGB) data obtained from Brachiaria to evaluate the relationship between vegetation indices (VIs) with the dry matter (DM). Next, the performance of machine learning algorithms was used for predicting AGB based on VIs obtained from ground truth and satellite and UAV imagery. When comparing more than twenty-five machine learning models using an Auto Machine Learning Python API, the results show that the best algorithms were the Huber with R2 = 0.60, Linear with R2 = 0.54, and Extra Trees with R2 = 0.45 to large scales using satellite. On the other hand, short-scale best regressions are K Neighbors with an R2 of 0.76, Extra Trees with an R2 of 0.75, and Bayesian Ridge with an R2 of 0.70, demonstrating a high potential to predict AGB and DM. This study is the first prediction model approach that assesses the rotational grazing system and pasture above-ground canopy features to predict the quality and quantity of cattle feed to support pasture management in Colombia.
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