PROSPERO (CRD42015029130).

PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).

Summary Background Recently, the potential impact of different medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and the associated root resorption has been systematically reviewed in animal studies and various effects have been shown. However, animal data cannot be extrapolated to human clinical situations directly. Objectives To systematically investigate the most up to date available evidence from controlled human studies regarding the effect of medication administration on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption development. Search methods We searched eight databases (covering also grey literature) without restrictions and we performed hand searching up until October 2018. Selection criteria Controlled studies in humans assessing the effect of various medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption development. Data collection and analysis Study selection was followed by data extraction and risk of bias assessment using the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized studies. Results Eight studies, at various risk of bias, were finally identified. With regard to the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, local injections of prostaglandin E1 were found to exert an increasing effect, whereas systemic intake of nabumetone decreased it. Following tenoxicam administration, drinking water with fluoride or local injections of calcitriol (vitamin D metabolite), no significant effects were demonstrated. Concerning root resorption development, nabumetone administration was shown to reduce it, whereas fluoride, overall, was not observed to exert any effect. Only in individuals subjected to heavy orthodontic forces, did fluoride show a protective effect for the period of force application, but not in the longer term during retention. Conclusions The aforementioned substances may show varying effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption development in human subjects. Despite the observed limitations, the orthodontist should be able to identify patients taking pharmaceuticals and consider any implications related to orthodontic treatment. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).

Summary Background Intraoral scanners have become an increasingly popular alternative to conventional impression methods. Although their accuracy and validity have been examined thoroughly, patient-reported information including experiences, preferences, and satisfaction has not yet been investigated in a systematic way. Objective The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the available data and appraise the evidence on patient-reported experiences and preferences following impression taking with intraoral scanners. Search methods Unrestricted search of seven databases (Pubmed, CENTRAL, Cochrane reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and ProQuest) and grey literature were conducted until October 2020. Detailed search strategies were developed for each database. Selection criteria Studies involving individuals of any gender or age, subjected to full arch impression taking with conventional and intraoral scanning methods were eligible for inclusion. Data collection and analysis Following the retrieval and selection of the studies, data extraction was performed. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results From the initially identified records, nine studies [eight crossover (two of them randomized) and one parallel group] were eventually included in the present systematic review. Randomized studies were shown, overall, to have some concerns regarding bias, whereas the non-randomized studies were found to be at serious risk, mainly because of bias due to confounding. All studies demonstrated some benefit in favour of intraoral scanning compared with conventional techniques. More positive feelings were generally observed with the intraoral scanners regarding smell, taste, sound, vibration, nausea, and queasiness. Overall, comfort assessment mostly favoured digital methods. No differences were found concerning the level of anxiety between the two methods. Among the included studies, time perception was a parameter leading to contradictory results. Limitations These emerge due to the nature and characteristics of the information retrieved from the included studies. The validation of the instruments to capture patient-reported outcomes needs to be further elaborated. Conclusions Intraoral scanners seem to be a promising new asset in the orthodontic office from the perspective of individuals’ experiences and preferences. Nevertheless, to investigate patient-reported outcomes correctly, further high-quality studies are required in the future. Registration Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ayug2/)

Apart from genetics, environmental factors, such as food consistency, may affect craniofacial morphology and development. The present systematic review aims to systematically investigate and appraise the available evidence regarding the effect of diet consistency on the anatomical structures of the basal bone of the rat mandible. The search was performed without restrictions in five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, including grey literature) and hand searching through January 2022. A total of 14,904 references were initially identified, and 16 articles were finally included in the systematic review. Rats that consumed hard diets were found to exhibit an increase inbigonial width, corpus height, condylar depth, condylar base inclination, condylar process inclination, mandibular plane inclination, height and length of angular process, mandibular body height, depth of antegonial notch, growth rate in the gonial angle, angular process convexity and height of condylar process. It was also noted that mandibular depth, mandibular height, ramus angle and angle between the angular process and mandibular plane were decreased in rats that were fed with a hard diet. On the other hand, there were conflicting results about the growth of mandibular length and width, corpus length, mandibular body length, ramus height, condylar length and width, gonial angle and height of coronoid process. From the abovementioned results, it can be concluded that food consistency may affect the morphology of anatomical structures and the overall growth and development of rat mandibles in various ways.

Varying degrees of tooth wear were reported after comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate how much is associated with orthodontic treatment and/or physiologic alterations of the dentition.

Summary Background Pain relief drugs are used and misused widely and may theoretically affect the events leading to orthodontic tooth movement. Objective To systematically investigate and appraise the quality of the available evidence regarding the effect of pain relief medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Search methods Search without restrictions in eight databases (including grey literature) and hand searching until October 2018. Selection criteria Animal controlled studies investigating the effect of pain relievers on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Data collection and analysis Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results Fourteen studies were finally identified, most of which at unclear risk of bias. Ibuprofen and loxoprofen did not show any significant effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, whereas indomethacin, ketorolac, morphine, and high doses of etoricoxib were found to decrease it. Inconsistent or conflicting effects were noted after the administration of acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, celecoxib, meloxicam, and tramadol. The quality of the available evidence was considered at best as low. Conclusions Long-term consumption of pain relievers may affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. The orthodontist should be capable of identifying patients taking pain relievers independently of orthodontic treatment and consider the possible implications. Trial registration PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).

As any pharmaceutical substance may influence the events associated with orthodontic tooth movement, it is of importance for the clinician to be able to recognize any prospective patient’s history and patterns of medicinal consumption. This review presents the effects of various commonly prescribed medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. The article concludes that it remains, to a degree, unclear which types of medication may have a clinically significant effect in everyday clinical scenarios. However, since both prescription and over-the-counter medication use have recently increased significantly among all age groups, good practice suggests that it is important to identify patients consuming medications and consider the possible implications in orthodontic therapy.