The study deals with the somewhat controversial issue of the so-called "clerical fascism". For this purpose, it summarizes the recent historiographical debates on totalitarianism, in particular on "political religions" or rather politicization of religions in the 20 th century. The special emphasis is laid on individual clerics who sympathized and collaborated with fascist regimes in Nazi Germany and the Slovak state, respectively. In applying Roger Griffin's and Thomas Forstner's typology, two types of attitudes to fascism and National Socialism are discussed: loyalty and active collaboration.
Catholicism and fascism. Research into the connections between these different phenomena, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century, has its own history. Immediately after the Second World War, Catholicism became for many Marxist contemporaries the most striking form of "clerical fascism" -a concept that served as a tool for ideologically motivated polemics, directed particularly against the Catholic hierarchy and collaborators in Central and Southeastern Europe. 1 Yet, the term was also used up to the 1970s by non-Marxist historians. 2 This changed during the 1980s, when despite numerous "points of agreement" between fascism and Catholicism, they were now supposed to have been fully
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