While gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked with autism, its role in the etiology of other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is largely underexplored. To our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate gut microbiota diversity and composition in 36 children from the Republic of Serbia diagnosed with NDD and 28 healthy children. The results revealed an increased incidence of potentially harmful bacteria, closely related to Clostridium species, in the NDD patient group compared to the Control group: Desulfotomaculum guttoideum (P < 0.01), Intestinibacter bartlettii (P < 0.05), and Romboutsia ilealis (P < 0.001). On the other hand, significantly lower diversity of common commensal bacteria in the NDD group of patients was noticed. Enterococcus faecalis (P < 0.05), Enterococcus gallinarum (P < 0.01), Streptococcus pasteurianus (P < 0.05), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (P < 0.01) and Bifidobacteria sp. were detected in lower numbers of patients or were even absent in some NDD patients. In addition, butyrate-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P < 0.01), Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum (P < 0.05), and Eubacterium rectale (P = 0.07) were less frequent in the NDD patient group. In line with that, the levels of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined. Although significant differences in SCFA levels were not detected between NDD patients and the Control group, a positive correlation was noted between number of rDNA amplicons obtained with universal primers and level of propionic acid, as well as a trend for levels of total SCFAs and butyric acid in the Control group. This correlation is lost in the NDD patient group, indicating that NDD patients' microbiota differs from the microbiota of healthy children in the presence or number of strong SCFA-producing bacteria. According to a range-weighted richness index it was observed that microbial diversity was significantly lower in the NDD patient group. Our study reveals that the intestinal microbiota from NDD patients differs from the microbiota of healthy children. It is hypothesized that early life microbiome might have an impact on GI disturbances and accompanied behavioral problems frequently observed in patients with a broad spectrum of NDD.
Thermal misfit is deemed as one reason for the chipping of veneered zirconia restorations. Aim of the present study was to assess the effect of thermal misfit on the fracture load of veneered zirconia frameworks and to evaluate the applicability of a universal veneering ceramic for both zirconia and titanium frameworks. Fracture loads of zirconia and titanium frameworks veneered with different ceramics were measured. Differences in the thermal expansion coefficients of core and veneer (Δα), as well as differences between glass transition temperatures of the veneering ceramics and room temperature (ΔT) -which is considered as the effective temperature range for stress formation, were determined. In the zirconia group, fracture load ranged from 818.0±127.2 to 935.2±186.3 N without significant differences (Student' s t-test, p<0.05). Moreover, zirconia and titanium crowns veneered with the universal veneering ceramic revealed high fracture load. Results also showed a correlation to the product Δα・ΔT, such that if 185・10-6 <Δα・ΔT<1120・10 -6 , a veneering ceramic adapted for titanium might be likewise applicable for zirconia.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), as one of the most used engineering thermoplastic, has wide application in automobile industry, electrics, food packaging, bottle containers and textile industry, causing the increase of the world consumption of PET twice in a period of ten years [1]. The widespread use of PET imposes solution of the plastic waste problem through recycling and reprocessing method classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary recycling [2]. The products of tertiary PET recycling, especially glycolytic PET depolymerization
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