Examining the competitiveness of public transport plays an important role because through public transport, the transport of passengers to schools, public healthcare establishments and work is ensured. In addition, transportation for vulnerable groups of passengers (students, seniors) is provided. On the other hand, public transport constitutes a financial burden on public budgets. The aim of this paper is to point out that public transport does not have an equal status in the transport market within the European Union. In the states of Central and Eastern Europe, public transport had a dominant position in the transport market in the 90s. Nowadays, the market share is declining, particularly in the bus transport, with the rising costs for public budgets regarding an increase in individual motoring. The aim of this paper is to highlight the possibilities of increasing the competitiveness of public transport by integrating different components of public transport. Another aim is to define the possibilities of financing public transport. Keywords: competitiveness, transport, passenger transport, financing, source JEL Classification: R48, H40 INTRODUCIONThe EU transport strategy prefers the transport of passengers by public passenger transport to individual transport because the use of public passenger transport results in meeting all the goals of the EU strategy in the field of road safety. It relates mainly to the stabilization of the increased road transport claims on infrastructure. This expansion is problematic especially in built-up areas. Construction of a new expressway infrastructure caused by an increasing transport operation is a long-standing problem due to the ageing of population in the EU. The support of public passenger transport brings a lower fuel consumption. This is the way how to attain another objective of the EU strategy in the field of transport, which is the reduction of the EU's dependence on crude oil as a raw material that needs to be imported to the EU. Emission of air pollutants is another strategic goal that is fulfilled due to a lower diesel fuel consumption (Konečný at all, 2016). Based on the considerations from above, it has been concluded that the strategic objectives of the EU transport policy are achieved when population use the public passenger transport. In this regard, it has to be noted that it is necessary to support the public passenger transport and its competitiveness in relation to the individual automobile transport , (Simionescu, 2016). The aim of this paper is to identify the importance of public passenger transport and to define the effective method to increase public transport competitiveness. The increasing fare being dependent on an increasing transport service quality causes a decrease in transport service demand. The price elasticity of transport demand for public mass transport is -0.32 (Konečný at all, 2016), therefore, the aim Journal of CompetitivenessJournal of Competitiveness of the paper is to except the optimization of transport service and to...
Foodwaste (hereinafter, FW) is the most voluminous solid waste and its amount is growing rapidly all over the world. The turning of FW into biogas via anaerobic fermentation is widely recognized as an environmentally responsible and economically reasonable option. Based on the knowledge obtained from agricultural biogas stations, the current methods of FW fermentation management are based on balancing the ratio of total carbon and nitrogen. However, it was repeatedly and independently reported that the stability of this process is low, resulting in many concessions in terms of prolonged hydraulic retention time or reduced biogas yield. Hence, biochemical as well as economic performance of the process is balanced by mixing of FW with agricultural residues. FW samples of various origin were collected and biochemically analyzed. The data indicate that FW originating from homes and luxury restaurants tends to be lignocellulose-based, whereas the levels of crude fiber (25% up to 27%) are higher than those from agricultural feedstock (18%). In contrast, FW from school canteens and inexpensive restaurants tends to be starch-based with high levels of amyloids (21% up to 23%) and fat (5% up to 7%). A novel method better reflecting the bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen to anaerobic consortia is proposed. It is demonstrated that the previous optimization methods could somehow reflect the availability of nutrients in agricultural feedstock, as carbonaceous and nitrogen sources are relatively equally biodegradable. Nevertheless, the biodegradability of FW is considerably different, which is why higher amounts of proteins and lipids lead to increased levels of ammonia and sulfide, resulting in an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of anaerobic consortia. Optimizing the anaerobic fermentation of FW by the new method outperforms the previous technique and makes it possible to process FW more intensively, or, more precisely, with higher profitability and lower proportion of ballast agricultural feedstock.
The aim of our systematic review was to inspect the recently published literature on decentralized governance systems and integrate the insights it articulates on blockchain technology and smart contracts by employing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Throughout January and May 2022, a quantitative literature review of ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases was carried out, with search terms including “city” + “blockchain technology”, “smart contracts”, and “decentralized governance systems”. As the analyzed research studies were published between 2016 and 2022, only 371 sources satisfied the eligibility criteria. A Shiny app was harnessed for the PRISMA flow diagram to include evidence-based acquired and handled data. Analyzing the most recent and relevant sources and leveraging screening and quality assessment tools such as AMSTAR, Dedoose, Distiller SR, ROBIS, and SRDR, we integrated the core outcomes and robust correlations related to smart urban governance. As data visualization tools, for initial bibliometric mapping dimensions were harnessed, together with layout algorithms provided by VOSviewer. Future research should investigate smart contract governance of blockchain applications and infrastructure using decision-making tools and spatial cognition algorithms.
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