Seed treatment as a method of local application of pesticides in precise agriculture reduces the amount of pesticides used per unit area and is considered to be the safest, cheapest and most ecologically acceptable method of protecting seeds and young plants from pests in the early stages of their development. With the introduction of insecticides from the neonicotinoid group in the mid-1990s, the frequency of seed treatment increased. Due to suspected negative effects on pollinators, most of these insecticides are banned in the European Union. The ban has therefore led to a reduction in the number of active substances approved for seed treatment and to an increased re-use of active substances from the group of pyrethroids as well as other organophosphorus insecticides, which pose potentially very serious risks, perhaps even greater than those of the banned neonicotinoids. The objective of this review is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of seed treatment and the potential role of insecticide seed treatment in reducing the negative impact of pesticides on the environment. The main disadvantage of this method is that it has been widely accepted and has become a prophylactic protective measure applied to almost all fields. This is contrary to the principles of integrated pest management and leads to an increased input of insecticides into the environment, by treating a larger number of hectares with a lower amount of active ingredient, and a negative impact on beneficial entomofauna. In addition, studies show that due to the prophylactic approach, the economic and technical justification of this method is often questionable. Extremely important for a quality implementation are the correct processing and implementation of the treatment procedure as well as the selection of appropriate insecticides, which have proven to be problematic in the case of neonicotinoids. The ban on neonicotinoids and the withdrawal of seed treatments in oilseed rape and sugar beet has led to increased problems with a range of pests affecting these crops at an early stage of growth. The results of the present studies indicate good efficacy of active ingredients belonging to the group of anthranilic diamides, cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole in the treatment of maize, soybean, sugar beet and rice seeds on pests of the above-ground part of the plant, but not on wireworms. Good efficacy in controlling wireworms in maize is shown by an insecticide in the naturalites group, spinosad, but it is currently used to treat seeds of vegetable crops, mainly onions, to control onion flies and flies on other vegetable crops. Seed treatment as a method only fits in with the principles of integrated pest management when treated seeds are sown on land where there is a positive prognosis for pest infestation.
Ključne riječi: rad na siguran način, pčelarstvo, opasnosti, zaštita na radu SAŽETAK: Pčelarska proizvodnja ima veliki ekonomski značaj koji se ogleda u proizvodnji meda, peluda, propolisa, matične mliječi, voska i pčelinjeg otrova. Osim izravne ekonomske koristi, neizravne su koristi kudikamo značajnije, jer se oprašivanjem samoniklog bilja utječe na očuvanje ekosustava, a oprašivanjem kultiviranog bilja pridonosi se povećanju prinosa i kvaliteti plodova. Tijekom pčelarske proizvodnje pčelari su izloženi raznim opasnostima, štetnostima i naporima. S obzirom da se u Republici Hrvatskoj samo 7,42 % pčelara profesionalno bavi pče-larstvom, ograničena je i primjena mjera utvrđenih Zakonom o zaštiti na radu. U ovom će radu biti prikazani svi najznačajniji poslovi u pčelarstvu i opasnosti koje se pri njihovom obavljanju pojavljuju, kao i mjere koje se poduzimaju zbog njihova smanjenja. Posebno će biti istaknuta potreba rada pčelara na siguran način, zatim upoznavanja s načinom rada na siguran način osposobljavanjem kod poslodavca i stručnim osposobljavanjem, do konkretnog rada na siguran način u obavljanju svakodnevnih poslova u pčelarskoj proizvodnji. UVODZnačaj pčelarske proizvodnje ogleda se u postizanju ekonomske koristi od proizvedenih pčelinjih proizvoda, kao i uzgoja matica i paketnih rojeva pčela, dok višestruko veći ekonomski i ekološki značaj ima oprašivanje kultiviranog i samoniklog bilja kojim se postižu veći prinosi i bolja kvaliteta plodova te održava biološka raznolikost. Pčele u prirodi skupljaju nektar, mednu rosu, pelud, smolaste i balzamske tvari (propolis) te sokove zrelog voća. Iz nektara i medne rose pčele proizvode med i on je temelj njihove energetske prehrane. Pelud ima izniman značaj za pravilnu i izbalansiranu prehranu pčela te predstavlja izvor bjelančevina, masti, vitamina i minerala. Propolisom pčele dezinficiraju saće i unutrašnjost košnice, zatvaraju pukotine na košnicama i balzamiraju uginule životinje. Budući da sve te proizvode upotrebljava i čovjek za svoje potrebe, ljudi su u prvo vrijeme pčelama oduzimali med iz njihovih prirodnih nastambi u šupljinama drveća i stijena, a potom su, uvidjevši mogućnost uzgoja pčela, počeli pčelariti izgradnjom pčelinjih nastambi (dubine, vrške, daščare, pletare). U oba je slučaja kod oduzimanja meda dolazilo do djelomičnog ili potpunog uništavanja pčelinjih zajednica. Od XIX. stoljeća, primjena pokretnog saća u košnicama, izrada satne osnove i vrcaljke za vrcanje meda (do tada se med iz nepokretnog saća dobivao gnječenjem saća) započinje suvremena pčelarska proizvodnja. Danas su u nas, od košnica s pokretnim saćem, najviše rasprostranjene Albert -Žnider-šič košnice (49 %) i Langstroth -Root košnice
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