This study describes the development of drug-loaded nanofibrous scaffolds as a nanocoating for endovascular stents for the local and sustained delivery of rosuvastatin (Ros) and heparin (Hep) to injured artery walls after endovascular procedures via the electrospinning process.PurposeThe proposed hybrid covered stents can promote re-endothelialization; improve endothelial function; reduce inflammatory reaction; inhibit neointimal hyperplasia of the injured artery wall, due to well-known pleiotropic actions of Ros; and prevent adverse events such as in-stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis (ST), through the antithrombotic action of Hep.MethodsBiodegradable nanofibers were prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate (AC) and Ros in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and acetone-based solvents. The polymeric solution was electrospun (e-spun) into drug-loaded AC nanofibers onto three different commercially available stents (Co–Cr stent, Ni–Ti stent, and stainless steel stent), resulting in nonwoven matrices of submicron-sized fibers. Accordingly, Hep solution was further used for fibrous coating onto the engineered Ros-loaded stent. The functional encapsulation of Ros and Hep drugs into polymeric scaffolds further underwent physicochemical analysis. Morphological characterization took place via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses, while scaffolds’ wettability properties were obtained by contact angle (CA) measurements.ResultsThe morphology of the drug-loaded AC nanofibers was smooth, with an average diameter of 200–800 nm, and after CA measurement, we concluded to the superhydrophobic nature of the engineered scaffolds. In vitro release rates of the pharmaceutical drugs were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, which showed that after the initial burst, drug release was controlled slowly by the degradation of the polymeric materials.ConclusionThese results imply that AC nanofibers encapsulated with Ros and Hep drugs have great potential in the development of endovascular grafts with anti-thrombogenic properties that can accelerate the re-endothelialization, reduce the neointimal hyperplasia and inflammatory reaction, and improve the endothelial function.
Texture.Immunocompatibility comprises a complex response which depends both on the physico-chemical characteristics of the biomaterial and on the hereditary and acquired ability of the recipient to react. Objective: The objective of the present work was the comparative study of the immunocompatibility of different materials and their morphological characterization. Methods: The three types of thin films used in this work were the titanium nitride [TiN],Titanium [Ti] and the amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon [a-C:H], which are deposited onto a silicon substrate by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD), respectively. Medical devices used in this study, were the silicon coated Latex irrigation catheter and the endoprosthesis such as vascular grafts [Dacron, PTFE] and stent grafts [Nitinol stent graft, Cobalt Chromium stent graft]. Bare silicon substrate and serum were used as a "negative" control and the Latex [elastomer-elastic hydrocarbon polymer] as a "positive" control. Complement C5 convertase [C5c] activation was assessed using the sandwich enzyme immunoassay-sandwich ELISA for the specific time periods [0min, 15 min, 30 min and 60 min] at wavelength of 450nm. The morphological characterization of the materials was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The study of biomaterials topography was conducted by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and their surface wettability properties by Contact Angle measurements. Results: Our results show that both groups of materials (the nanomaterials and the medical devices) are not likely to cause any immunological adverse reaction and as a result might be characterized and selected as excellent candidates for medical applications. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the study is attributed to the measurement of a single factor in serum in order to acquire important information about the materials' properties e.g immunological response. The possibility to modify the above tested parameters during
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