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The active biocatalyst systems were developed by immobilizing β-galactosidase from A. oryzae and laccase from M. thermophila expressed in A. oryzae (Novozym®51003) onto amino-modified microspheres based on bio-waste derived material, such as kraft lignin.

The present work describes application of natural triglycerides for lipase-catalyzed esterification of structurally diverse flavonoidsesculin, naringin, and phloridzin. Ester mixtures with laurate, linolenate, or linoleate as prevailing products were obtained in reactions with coconut, linseed, and sunflower oils, respectively. By using response surface methodology, the influences of key experimental factorsreaction time, substrates, and enzyme concentra-tionsfor transesterification of esculin with linseed oil were investigated. High molar conversion (78.5%), product yield (19.13 mg/mL), and specific yield (2.83 mmol/g enzyme ) were achieved at optimized conditions. Determined optimums were successfully applied in esculin transesterification with other two oils. Furthermore, esculin ester mixtures were incorporated in gel emulsions, and their effect on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as well as skin sensitivity was examined. Obtained results have shown significant hydration effect and good dermatological compatibility without irritating effects of all examined preparations containing oil-derived esculin esters, making them very prospective for application in skin care products.

Glycoderivatives are an important class of molecules with enormous relevance in numerous biological phenomena; therefore, they have a key role in the learning, understanding, and assessment of different diseases. Nanotechnology, and in particular the design of new nanomaterials, is one of the areas of greatest interest today. In this case, graphene nanomaterials represent very interesting platforms for studying glycosystems, glyconanomaterials that combine the biomolecular recognition and the characteristics of nanoscale objects in the development of early diagnosis systems, and efficient specific therapeutic modalities. In this mini-review, we discuss some results recently described in the literature on the conjugation of graphene materials and carbohydrates through the selective interaction of glycoenzymes in graphene to create new materials with biosensing applications, the development and application of sugar–graphene composites, and finally biosystems combining the properties of graphene with metallic nanoparticles and sugars for the creation of excellent glyconanomaterials as novel systems for the therapy or diagnosis of important diseases such as cancer or diabetes.

Summary Whey represents a significant dairy industry by‐product that has recently received due attention based on the rich nutrient composition and significant transformation potential. Hereby, we investigated a possibility of whey lactose bioconversion into prebiotic compounds, galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) using β‐galactosidase transgalactosylation activity. The results showed that whey could be successfully used for GOS synthesis, since the highest GOS concentration (around 62 g L−1) was obtained batchwise using 40% (w/w) sweet whey powder solution under optimum conditions (50°C, pH 4.5). Nevertheless, an efficient immobilized preparation using methacrylic Lifetech ECR8409 immobilization carrier was developed, enabling additional process improvement and ensuring at least 4 reaction cycles with unchanged yields and 2.5‐ fold enhanced productivity in comparison to the soluble enzyme. Therefore, this study provides a valuable contribution to the efficient and economical valorization of whey, which can be further on utilized as functional food and feed constituent.

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