In the era of rapid technological growth, we are facing increased energy consumption. The question of using renewable energy sources is also essential for the sustainability of wireless sensor networks and the Industrial Internet of Things, especially in scenarios where there is a need to deploy an extensive number of sensor nodes and smart devices in industrial environments. Because of that, this paper targets the problem of monitoring the operations of solar-powered wireless sensor nodes applicable for a variety of Industrial IoT environments, considering their required locations in outdoor scenarios and the efficient solar power harvesting effects. This paper proposes a distributed wireless sensor network system architecture based on open-source hardware and open-source software technologies to achieve that. The proposed architecture is designed for acquiring solar radiation data and other ambient parameters (solar panel and ambient temperature, light intensity, etc.). These data are collected primarily to define estimation techniques using nonlinear regression for predicting solar panel voltage outputs that can be used to achieve energy-efficient operations of solar-powered sensor nodes in outdoor Industrial IoT systems. Additionally, data can be used to analyze and monitor the influence of multiple ambient data on the efficiency of solar panels and, thus, powering sensor nodes. The architecture proposal considers the variety of required data and the transmission and storage of harvested data for further processing. The proposed architecture is implemented in the small-scale variants for evaluation and testing. The platform is further evaluated with the prototype sensor node for collecting solar panel voltage generation data with open-source hardware and low-cost components for designing such data acquisition nodes. The sensor node is evaluated in different scenarios with solar and artificial light conditions for the feasibility of the proposed architecture and justification of its usage. As a result of this research, the platform and the method for implementing estimation techniques for sensor nodes in various sensor and IoT networks, which helps to achieve edge intelligence, is established.
Considering the growing appliance of wireless technologies in the Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks the question of their coexistence and interoperability becomes extremely important. Wi-Fi and ZigBee technologies already have a long-lasting presence in the market as well as deployment in many systems. Because of their numerous appliances, it is extremely important to measure the impact of one technology on another. This paper has presented the approach of using open-source hardware and software for measuring the interference effects of Wi-Fi to ZigBee. The testing platform is built on Arduino microcontroller boards. This paper describes the experiment, the experimental platform, methodology, and tools used for collecting and analyzing data, as well as the experience gained during the experiments, and its influence on future work. The results presented in this paper give a clear insight into how the IEEE 802.11 networks influence the throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 networks when operating in similar frequencies. According to presented test results, Wi-Fi at distances of about 12m can affect the ZigBee throughput when the central frequency difference is 7 MHz or lower.
In the era of expansion of smart sensing interconnected devices and their growing application in complex systems, the application of wireless communication technology becomes evident. Many wireless technologies are developed to facilitate the growth of systems such as the Internet of Things and Smart Cities. The application of a particular wireless technology in a particular system depends on many factors, such as purpose, requirements, complexity, range, and node deployment. IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard that defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It is used as the basis for a group of network standards and protocols designed for wireless sensor networks. In this article, the basic features of the emerging IEEE 802.15.4g SUN low-powered wireless network standard, its application scenarios, and performance analyses are presented.
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