Objective: We sought to investigate the prevalence of smoking and lung function in the large cohort of elite athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 804 athletes competing at international level who were consecutively examined from January to December 2017. Elite athletes were classified in four groups of sport disciplines (skill, power, endurance and mixed): skill (n = 141), power (n = 107), endurance (n = 105) and mixed sport disciplines (n = 451). All participants underwent pre-participation screening, including spirometry. Results: Study included 745 (92.7%) non-smokers, 20 (2.5%) former smokers and 39 (4.8%) active smokers. The percentage of body fat was higher and the percentage of muscle was lower in active smokers than in non-smokers and former smokers. Active smokers were more prevalent among skill and mixed than in power and endurance sports. FEV1 and FVC, as well as FEV1/FVC ratio, were significantly lower in active smokers than in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in PEF assessed in absolute values and in percentages. Forced expiratory flows, evaluated at the usual intervals (25%, 50% and 75% of FVC), were significantly lower in active smokers than in non-smokers. FEV1 and MEF25 were the lowest among active smokers in the skill sport group, whereas FEV1/FVC, MEF50 and MEF25 were the lowest among active smokers in the power sport group. In mixed and endurance disciplines there was no difference in pulmonary function between non-smokers, former smokers and active smokers. Conclusions: Pulmonary function was reduced in active smokers and these differences were the most prominent in skill and power sports. The percentage of body fat was the highest and percentage of muscle was the lowest in active smokers.
We present here the distribution of 11 rare Pontic and submediterranean plant species in Serbia based on field research, herbarium and literature data. These taxa were mapped on 10 x 10 km2 UTM grid. The following taxa were analyzed: Dianthus pinifolius Sibth. & Sm., Doronicum hungaricum Reichenb. fil., Sedum stefco Stefanov, Sempervivum zeleborii Schott, Trifolium pignantii Fauche & Chaub., Ranunculus illyricus L., Potentilla chrysantha Trev., Prunus tenella Batsch, Saxifraga bulbifera L., Linaria pelisseriana (L) Miller and Gagea bohemica (Zausc) Schul. & Schul
The aim of this study is to evaluate anthropometric characteristics of elite male basketball players related to their playing position. These features vary, depending on the player’s age, the game style, the level of competition, always in accordance with the playing position.Anthropometric parameters were determined in 335 elite male basketball player (age 21.57 ± 4.58) and categorised according to their positional roles as guards (n = 156), forwards (n = 48), and centres (n = 131). The height (Seca 214 Portable Stadiometer, Cardinal Health, Ohio, USA) and body mass (BC-418 Segmental Body Composition Analyzer, Tanita, Illinois, USA) of the participants were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.05 kg, respectively. Each participant’s body fat percentage (BF%) and muscle mass percentage (%M) was measured using the bioimpedance segmental body composition analyzer (BC-418 Segmental Body Composition Analyzer, Tanita, Illinois, USA).The height and body mass (guards: 187.52 ± 6.05 cm, 83.53 ± 8.58 kg; forwards: 195.20 ± 3.45 cm, 87.81 ± 8.75 kg; centres: 208.71 ± 4.63 cm, 108.25 ± 9.53 kg) were different between all three groups (p < 0.001) while BMI and BF% didn’t show significant difference between guards and forwards (p > 0.05). Centres were heavier and taller, having both their BMI and BF% (guards: 8.83 ± 3.38%; forwards: 9.66 ± 3.47%; centres: 11.88 ± 4.41%) higher than the other groups (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups regarding their%M (guards: 50.97 ± 2.52%; forwards: 50.28 ± 4.19%; centres: 51.09 ± 2.56%) (p > 0.05). Ninety five players or 28.36% of all, according to their BMI ( > 25kg/m2), were overweight and with increased health risk, but only 3 of them (all centres) had BF% higher than 20% (upper limit of normal range for male, age between 20 and 29, based on NIH/WHO BMI Guidelines).There is a strong relationship between anthropometric characteristics and positional roles in elite basketball players. These characteristics differ between centres, guards and forwards. Similarities were observed only in the%M for all three groups, and in the BMI and BF% between forwards and guards. Furthermore, BMI is not a good predictor of BF% and health risk in the same group of athletes.ReferencesBen Abdelkrim N, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, et al. Positional role and competitive-level differences in elite-level men’s basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 2010:24(5):1346–55.Gallagher, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:694–701.Garrido-Chamorro RP, Sirvent-Belando JE, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, et al. Correlation between body mass index and body composition in elite athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2009;49(3):278–84.Viswanathan J, Nageswara A, Baskar S. Anthropometric assessment of youth national championship basketball players in relation to playing position. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:i36–i37.Drinkwater EJ, Pyne DB, McKenna MJ. Design and interpretation of anthropometric and fitness test...
(1) Background: Sports games are one of the best ways of engaging in physical activity for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and Down syndrome (DS). This systematic review of the current literature aims to identify and sum relevant data on motor skills and clarify whether there are positive effects of sports programs in motor skills games in children, adolescents, and youth with ID and DS. (2) Methods: The systematic review of the papers was carried out following the methodological guidelines and by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) consensus. The following electronic databases were researched: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ERIC from 2001 to 2023. (3) Results: The basketball test battery can be used to improve and monitor basketball training. Basketball players with lower levels of ID achieved better results, especially those with disabilities of the II and III degrees. Futsal has a positive impact on the coordination, and the differences between the test results of the vertical jump with and without an arm swing, that can be seen indirectly as a coordination factor, were statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: Basketball is recommended as an effective and practical rehabilitation program for children, adolescents, and youth with ID and DS. Futsal is an interesting and helpful activity for individuals with ID as well.
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