No abstract

In recent decades, there has been a trend in increasing the level of independence of central banks. The key factor that has contributed to a growing interest in this concept is grounded in economic theory that confirms the link between a lower inflation rate and a greater level of central bank independence. For this reason, in many countries, the existing regulations relating to central bank have been modified to protect its position from the absolute influence of the executive power of the state. This trend was particularly prevalent in transition countries, which was conditioned primarily by the EU accession criteria. The aim of this paper is to analyse independence of the Central Bank of Montenegro through the prism of functional, institutional, financial, and personal independence, and to assess the level of its legal independence by using appropriate indices.

Economic crises throughout history have often given an impetus for health and social reforms leading to the introduction of general healthcare systems and social equality in a large number of countries. The aim of this paper is to present the major economic crises and their effect on healthcare and social system chronologically. Bismarck’s and Beveridge’s model, the two most prominent healthcare models, which emerged primarily as a response to major economic crises, constitute the basis for the functioning of most health care systems in the world. An overview of historical events and experiences may be valuable in predicting future developments and potential effects of the crisis on healthcare systems and health in general. An analysis of past crises as well as current health and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the healthcare system can facilitate the comprehension of the mechanisms of action and consequences of economic recession. It may also help identify guidelines and changes that might reduce the potential damage caused by future crises. The historical examples presented show that a crisis could trigger changes, which, in theiressence, are not necessarily negative. The response of society as a whole determines the direction of these changes, and it is up to society to transform the negative circumstances brought about by the recession into activities that contribute to general well-being and progress.

No abstract

Sport fi nancing is of great national importance, having in mind that it's recognized as an activity of public interest by the Law. Since most of sport organizations in Montenegro are publicly owned, they are dependent on public fi nancing, which are often scarce and insuffi cient for fulfi lling sport's function in society. Therefore, new sources of fi nancing must be introduced. One of the most common funding systems in Europe includes resources redirected from gambling industry profi ts-taxed by the government. Even though the idea isn't exactly new, it's implemented diff erently in various countries. This paper analyzes current Montenegrin system of sport fi nancing from this source, compares it to other European countries and provides recommendations for its' improvement. Taking into account that most gambling revenues come from sport betting, it would be benefi cial for the society that most of these incomes fi nd their way back to sport. The research results for Montenegro show considerable lagging behind other European countries in terms of sport funding from taxed gambling profi ts. With the share of only 14% of funds allocated to sport from this source there is a plenty of room for Montenegro to improve its sport fi nancing system, which would lead to faster sport development. This share is considerably low, compared to neighboring EU countries such as Croatia's 35% and Slovenia's 80%. With certain improvements and taking into account other countries good practice examples, Montenegrin sport fi nancing system can be considerably improved.