<b><i>Background:</i></b> The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies malnutrition as the biggest threat to public health worldwide, and this condition is observed in 20–60% of hospitalized patients. Malnutrition is a state of the body in which due to insufficient supply or incorrect absorption of essential nutrients, the body composition changes and the body’s functions are impaired. Malnutrition is associated not only with reduced body mass index but also with obesity. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Obesity is defined as a paradoxical state of malnutrition, which despite excessive energy consumption is associated with a shortage of individual microelements. Deficiency or lack of homeostasis of essential micronutrients can significantly affect daily performance, intellectual and emotional state, but also the physical state of the body. Food deficiency can also contribute to further weight gain or the development of other metabolic diseases. Micronutrient deficiency may include not only incorrect dietary choices and insufficient access to nutrient-rich foods but also changes in the absorption, distribution or excretion of nutrients, and altered micronutrient metabolism resulting from systemic inflammation caused by obesity. An effective therapy method recommended for people with morbid obesity is bariatric surgery aimed at both weight loss and improving quality of life. Unfortunately, the effects of these treatments are often medium- and long-term complications associated with micronutrient deficiency as a result of reduced consumption or absorption. Therefore, the use of bariatric surgery in patients with extreme obesity can affect the metabolism of microelements and increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Studies by many authors indicate a higher incidence of food deficiency among people with excessive body weight, than in people with normal body weight of the same age and same sex. Monitoring the concentration of minerals and vitamins in blood serum is a good practice in the treatment of obesity. The proper nutritional status of the body affects not only the state of health but also the effectiveness of therapy. The aim of the review was to present the issue of malnutrition in the context of obesity.
Understanding the factors that coexist with healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors is prevalent and important for public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between food involvement, eating restrictions, and dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish adults. The study was conducted among a group of 1007 adults. Questions with the answers yes or no were used to obtain the data regarding eating restrictions. Data relating to food involvement were obtained with the Food Involvement Scale (FIS). Questions from the Beliefs and Eating Habits questionnaire were used to measure the frequency of consumption of different food groups. Five dietary patterns (DPs) were derived using principal component analysis (PCA), i.e., ‘Fruit and vegetables’, ‘Wholemeal food’, ‘Fast foods and sweets’, ‘Fruit and vegetable juices’ and “Meat and meat products’. In each of the DPs, three groups of participants were identified based on tertile distribution with the upper tertile denoting the most frequent consumption. Nearly two-thirds of the study sample declared some restrictions in food consumption. The probability of implementing restrictions in consumption of foods high in sugar, fat and high-fat foods increased in the upper tertile of ‘Fruit and vegetables’ and ‘Wholemeal’ DPs. Moreover, the probability of implementing restrictions in consumption of meat and high-starch products increased in ‘Wholemeal’ DP. The probability of using eating restrictions decreased in the upper tertile of ‘Fast foods and sweets’ and Meat and meat products’ DPs. In conclusion, individuals characterized by high food involvement were more inclined to use eating restrictions than individuals with lower food involvement. Their DPs were also healthier compared to those of individuals manifesting low food involvement. Therefore, promoting personal commitment to learning about and experiencing food may be an effective way of inducing a change of eating habits, and therefore a healthier diet.
Background. SARS-CoV-2 virus is one of the largest RNA viruses, included in the coronavirus group, showing tropism to airway epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 causes an acute respiratory infectious disease, Covid-19. According to WHO reports, mortality due to Covid-19 is higher in the elderly and in those burdened with comorbidities such as diabetes, obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, cancer, hypertension, hepatitis B, obesity or chronic kidney disease. Objective. The aim of the study was to review the current literature on the influence and importance of vitamin D levels on the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Material and method. A systematic review of studies published from January 1, 2009 to June 31, 2021 has been performed. For this purpose, bibliographic databases such as PubMed and Scopus were searched. The following keywords and combinations were used: Covid-19, vitamin D, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, vitamin D supplementation, SARS-CoV-2. Results. It has been shown that vitamin D plays an important role in the mechanisms of the innate immunity in the course of the acute respiratory infections. The overlapping factors of the severity of COVID-19 disease, vitamin D deficiency, and the prevalence of obesity, age scare, ethnicity, has led some researchers to hypothesize that vitamin D supplementation may be promising as a preventive or therapeutic measure for COVID-19. Conclusions. A very important factor that has an immunomodulatory character is vitamin D, the adequate supplementation of which can be a preventive or therapeutic measure in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in elderly people, with obesity and other chronic diseases.
Folic acid (folacin, B9) is a vitamin that performs many very important functions in the human body, and its inadequate level - deficiency as well as excess, may contribute to an increased risk of developing many disease processes. The aim of this study was to analyze the available scientific literature on folic acid and its impact on human health. A systematic review of the studies, published until November 2022, was made on the basis of searching bibliographic databases such as: PubMed, Elsevier and Google Scholar. The following keywords and combinations were used: folic acid, folate, folic acid supplementation, folate deficiency. Folic acid, thanks to its high biological activity, has a direct and indirect effect on the metabolism of the human body cells. It plays a very important role, among others in the prevention of neural tube defects and megaloblastic anemia, the proper functioning of the nervous system, as well as reducing the risk of developing certain cancers. Currently, the important role of folic acid in maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system is also emphasized, which is of particular importance both in the prevention and in the situation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. The effects of deficiency and excess of vitamin B9 may turn out to be dangerous to health and even life. There is a need for nutritional and health education of the society regarding the importance of folic acid for human health, due to the presence of large deficiencies in the population, which is particularly important for some social groups, such as, for example, women of procreation age, pregnant or breastfeeding, people with a nutrient malabsorption, and people who smoke or abuse alcohol.
The problem of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has now become a major public health challenge worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of age and gender on body composition components and anthropometric indices of children and adolescents aged 6–15 years; in addition, the study aimed to assess body composition indices in relation to BMI (Body Mass Index) levels. The study was conducted at the end of 2019 and in the first quarter of 2020 among 181 pupils attending primary schools. Waist circumference, hip circumference, body weight, and body height were measured. The collected data were used to calculate and then to analyse BMI, WHR (Waist-Hip Ratio), and WHtR (Waist to Height Ratio) indices. Body composition was determined with the use of the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The analyses’ statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 and Excel. The statistical methods used included Chi2 tests of independence, one-factor analysis of variance, and two-factor analysis of variance taking into account the level of α = 0.05. Based on the results, there were no statistically significant differences in the gender and age distributions of the BMI groups. However, the analysis of interaction effects confirmed that there were statistically significant differences according to pubertal age and gender in body fat, muscle mass, hydration, and WHR. Body composition in boys and girls before the age of 12 is similar while, after the age of 12, there are differences between boys and girls in terms of body composition so there is a need to deepen the assessment of body mass, especially in adolescents at the age of puberty, by body composition analysis using the BIA method.
Wprowadzenie. Choroba koronawirusowa (COVID-19) jest wywoływana przez wirus SARS-CoV-2. Wirus SARS-CoV-2 jest jednym z największych wirusów RNA. Jest on zaliczany do grupy koronawirusów i wykazuje tropizm do komórek nabłonkowych dróg oddechowych. Ze względu na dużą liczbę zgonów spowodowanych infekcją koronawirusem istnieje pilna potrzeba znalezienia skutecznych leków zwalczających chorobę koronawirusową, jak też metod jej zapobiegania i kontroli. Globalna strategia zwalczania COVID-19 zakłada m.in. hipotezę, że dobrze zbilansowana dieta w połączeniu z lekami przeciwwirusowymi i ziołami może być sprzymierzeńcem w walce z infekcją. Cel pracy. Celem pracy był przegląd aktualnej literatury dotyczącej wpływu wybranych składników diety na przebieg zakażenia SARS-CoV-2. Metody przeglądu. Dokonano systematycznego przeglądu badań opublikowanych od 1 stycznia 2015 do 31 lipca 2021 roku. W tym celu przeszukano bibliograficzne bazy danych takie jak: PubMed, Elsevier oraz Web of Science. Użyto następujących słów kluczowych i ich kombinacji: "COVID-19", "składniki diety", "witamina D", "selen", "cynk", "witamina B12", "omega-3". Opis stanu wiedzy. Prawidłowo skomponowana i zbilansowana dieta, dostarczająca odpowiedniej ilości substancji odżywczych i energetycznych, powinna wspomagać układ odpornościowy i przyczyniać się do obniżenia ryzyka choroby oraz wspomóc proces rekonwalescencji. Podsumowanie. Działania powinny być ukierunkowane przede wszystkim na zmianę stylu życia. Zdaniem ekspertów zdrowy styl życia, obejmujący m.in. odpowiednią aktywność fizyczną oraz zmianę nawyków żywieniowych, powinien byćszczególnie w obliczu pandemii COVID-19 -najwyższym priorytetem. Może zmniejszać ryzyko zachorowania na COVID-19, a w przypadku wystąpienia choroby -wpływać na zmniejszenie ryzyka wystąpienia powikłań.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a physiologically important signaling molecule that promotes the expansion of blood vessels and thus facilitates the transport of oxygen (O 2 ) and energy substrates to the muscles. Research shows that nitric oxide (NO) also improves the effectiveness of mitochondrial respiration, which is manifested by reduced oxygen consumption during exercise. Until recently, it was thought that nitric oxide (NO) could only be formed as a result of the endogenous pathway of oxidative transformations L-arginine. Recent research results indicate, however, that an alternative to the endogenous pathway of nitric oxide (NO) formation may be the exogenous supply of inorganic nitrates (NO 3 -) with food. The aim of the study was to review the current literature on the properties of beetroot juice as an important source of nitrates (NO 3 -) and its effectiveness in improving the exercise capacity of physically active people. A systematic review of the research, published from 2005 to January 31, 2021, was made on the basis of searching bibliographic databases such as: PubMed, Elsevier and Web of Science. The following keywords were used: "beetroot", "beetroot juice", "nitrates", "nitrites", "nitric oxide", "supplementation", "ergogenic substances", "sports nutrition". Although there are conflicting data, it appears that beetroot juice supply may be a cheap, natural, and promising nutritional strategy for improving sports performance in both endurance and intermittent high intensity (start-stop) exercise. More detailed studies are analyzing the effect of dietary nitrate (NO 3 -) supply in anaerobic exercise -especially in high-volume resistance training -are needed. It is also emphasized that further research is needed to elucidate the effects of specific factors on the variability of ergogenic effects after beetroot juice consumption, which may be of the greatest importance in terms of the effectiveness of this nutritional intervention.
Wprowadzenie. Wyniki badań ostatnich dziesięcioleci wykazują wzrost zachorowalności na chorobę psychiczną, jaką jest depresja. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) szacuje, że zaburzenie to dotyka ok. 264 mln ludzi na całym świecie i w ciągu najbliższych 20 lat stanie się najczęstszym problemem zdrowotnym. W przebiegu tej choroby znaczenie ma wiele czynników i mechanizmów, a jednym z nich może być niedobór witaminy D. Cel pracy. Celem pracy był przegląd aktualnej literatury analizującej wpływ niedoboru witaminy D na występowanie objawów depresji oraz możliwości zastosowania jej suplementacji jako jednej z metod leczenia. Metody przeglądu. Systematycznego przeglądu badań, opublikowanych od 1 stycznia 2015 do 31 stycznia 2021 roku, dokonano na podstawie przeszukiwania bibliograficznych baz danych takich jak: PubMed oraz Elsevier. Użyto następujących słów kluczowych i ich kombinacji: witamina D, 25-hydroksywitamina D, depresja, zaburzenia psychiczne, suplementacja witaminą D. Wyniki. Badania naukowe dostarczają dowodów na związek pomiędzy niedoborem 25(OH)D w surowicy krwi a zwiększonym ryzykiem wystąpienia depresji bądź nasilenia jej objawów wśród ludzi w różnym wieku. Badacze podkreślają istotną rolę suplementacji witaminą D3 -witamina ta może być stosowana w celu zmniejszenia nasilenia symptomów tego zaburzenia psychicznego lub jako środek wzmacniający leczenie farmakologiczne. Podsumowanie. Istnieje potrzeba dalszych badań, w szczególności randomizowanych, które będą w bardziej wiarygodny sposób wyjaśniać znaczenie witaminy D w przebiegu depresji oraz przedstawiać jej kliniczne zastosowanie w leczeniu tej choroby. Miałoby to znaczące korzyści nie tylko dla pojedynczych osób, ale również dla ogółu populacji, przyczyniając się do poprawy zdrowia w społeczeństwie.
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