The Prague Castle collections hold a precious series of fabrics from the tomb of St. Wenceslas († 935). The remains of the prince were transferred to Prague Castle from Stará Boleslav several years after his death, and were interred in the south apse of St. Vitus Rotunda. For centuries, the grave remained in the same place. In the Middle Ages an above-ground tomb and altar were constructed, later modified several times. The remains and the grave goods, mostly fabrics, were removed from the altar and the lead tomb situated underneath the floor in 1911. In total, 18 fabrics were restored in 2002-2003, textile and technological analyses were conducted, and in 2018 and 2019 the items were newly assessed. The fabrics come from a broad period spanning the 11th/12th century and the 15th century. Most fabrics date from the 13th-14th century. The regions in which the fabrics were produced are located in all major silk-making centres of the time: north China, central Asia, the Near East, Egypt, Spain and Italy. The oldest fabric was woven with the samitum technique, the others are lampas fabrics. The fabrics without patterns are in plain or twill weave. The fabrics from the tomb of St. Wenceslas are secondary relics, i.e. objects which were in contact with the saint's remains.
Prague Castle was the most important burial site of the Czech rulers and their relatives. The graves are located in the Church of the Virgin Mary, in St. George Church and Convent, and, in the greatest numbers in the St. Vitus Cathedral. Reliquary tombs of the most important Czech patron saints are also located at Prague Castle – in St. George Basilica, in St. Vitus Cathedral and in All Saints Church. We also know the graves of 12 Prague bishops that are located in the St. Vitus Cathedral. The majority of the aforementioned graves have been opened several times in the past for a variety of reasons, that caused various problems, the most serious of which involved the confusion of relics. The first systematic anthropological investigations were conducted at the beginning of the 20th century. The remains of nearly all historical personalities buried at Prague Castle were available for another anthropological study conducted in the 1960s. Currently, the research continues with modern nature science analyzes. In the past, removed grave goods did not receive proper care for the most part, mainly due to a lack of understanding as to what constituted correct procedures for handling artefacts deposited for years in the unsuitable conditions of graves and tombs. The grave goods themselves were often restored in an inappropriate manner. The restoration situation improved significantly after the establishment of restoration and conservation workshops in 2000. The opening of graves is problematic and, from an ethical point of view, should be performer only to a very limited extent. Necessary construction work is a common reason for disruption, and in this case remains should be treated with respect. And if grave goods are removed, they must be cared for in a proper manner, as these artefacts are often irreplaceable heritage whose scientific study is a legitimate pursuit. The mere lust for knowledge, often connected with efforts to generate sensation, does not entitle us to disturb the resting place of our ancestors with ill-considered interventions.
Abstrakt: Pohřební oděv českého krále Rudolfa I. (IV.) Habsburského ( † 1307) byl vyjmut z tumby v královské kryptě v katedrále sv. Víta na Pražském hradě v roce 1991. Poté byl restaurován v Abegg-Stiftung v Riggisbergu. Roucho bylo ušito ze dvou podobných lampasů středoasijské provenience z přelomu 13. a 14. století, vzor byl vytkán útky z proužků živočišného podkladu (kůže) z vnější strany pozlacených a z vnitřní postříbřených. První látka je vzorována motivem ptáků držících v zobáku větévku nebo rybu, druhá pak čínskými draky a obláčky. Z těchto látek bylo v roce 1995 rekonstruováno kompletní mužské odění -plášť s vlečkou, surcot bez rukávů a krátký vypasovaný kabátec. Surcot a kabátec měly podšívky. Problémem je, že tato rekonstrukce neodpovídá módě, která se na začátku 14. století v Evropě nosila, nástup takového odění se datuje až do 30. let 14. století. Též střih surcotu je netypický. Proto se autoři tohoto článku pokusili o novou rekonstrukci střihu, přičemž pracovali s dokumentací pořízenou při restaurování v Abegg-Stiftung v Riggisbergu. Podle nových závěrů byl Rudolf I. do rakve oděn do pláště z látky s draky a obláčky, do vypodšívkovaného oděvu s rukávy z tkaniny s ptáky a do dlouhých nohavic z látky s draky a obláčky. Pro ověření nové teorie byla ušita napodobenina oděvu. Klíčová slova: Pražský hrad -Rudolf I. (IV.) Habsburský -plášť -surcot -cotte -nohavice -archeologický textil. New reconstruction of the funeral attire of Rudolf I (IV) of Habsburg, called KašeAbstract: The funeral garments of Czech King Rudolf I (IV) of Habsburg ( † 1307) were removed from his tomb in the royal crypt in St. Vitus' Cathedral at Prague Castle in 1991. They were then restored by the Abegg-Stiftung company in Riggisberg. The attire consisted of two similar lampas fabrics of central-Asian provenance from the 13th/14th century. The patterns were woven by wefts made up of strips of animal origin (leather) gilded on the outside and silver-plated on the inside. The first fabric has a pattern with the motif of birds holding a twig or fish in their beaks, the other features Chinese dragons and clouds. Complete male attire was reconstructed from these fabrics in 1995: a cloak with a trail, a sleeveless surcoat and a short tight jacket. The surcoat and the jacket had a lining. However, this reconstruction does not correspond to fashion in Europe in the early 14th century as this kind of clothing is only reported from the 1330s onwards. The cut of the surcoat is not typical, either, which is why the authors carried out a new reconstruction, working with the documentation made during the restoration in the Abegg-Stiftung workshop in Riggisberg. New conclusions show that Rudolf I was dressed in a cloak made of the fabric with dragons and clouds, a garment with sleeves and a lining made of the fabric with birds, and in hose of the fabric with dragons and clouds. A replica of the clothing was made to test this new theory.
Tématem příspěvku je nová analýza dostupných poznatků o hrobech K1 a K2 v lodi předrománské rotundy sv. Víta, které byly objeveny již v roce 1911 a připisovány několika přemyslovským knížatům. Provedena byla zejména revize antropologických poznatků, analýzy stabilních izotopů uhlíku (δ13C) a dusíku (δ15N), analýza DNA a radiouhlíkové datování. Získaná data nedávají dohromady konzistentní obraz. Archeologie vylučuje připsání ostatků knížeti Bořivoji I. († asi 888/889), antropologie pak knížeti Boleslavu I. († 972). Oba obory by dovolovaly připsat s určitou pravděpodobností kosterní ostatky knížeti Boleslavu II. († 999), tomu ale neodpovídá radiokarbonové datování. Navržena je možnost připsat ostatky písemně doloženému jménem neznámému synovi knížete Boleslava I., který zemřel před rokem 972. Analýza DNA z K2 připsala ostatky ženě, pravděpodobně tedy manželce osoby K1.
Graves of the first builders of St. Vitus Cathedral, Matthias of Arras and Petr Parléř. were uncovered in the course of its completion in 1928. In their close proximity there was a grave of an unknown man which yielded fragments of luxury fabrics. After the discovery, the find was forgotten for the next 90 years, and only recently were the items successfully restored and interpreted in a Prague Castle depository. They probably come from a grave of a high church official, buried there in the late 14th century or the early 15th century with exceptionally rich grave goods. There were remains of a silk hose and a leather shoe, as well as fragments of fabrics identified as the remains of a chasuble, an alb decorated with embroidery and a mitre embellished with gold-thread cords. Based on the information, the grave can be hypothetically attributed to Prague Archbishop Mikuláš Puchník ( † 1402).
Při archeologickém výzkumu v ulici Křížkovského č. o. 10 v Olomouci byl v roce 2015 nalezen soubor textilií. Útržky tkaniny, tkanice a šňůrky pochází z vrstvy suťového násypu z druhé poloviny 16. století z prostoru zaniklého ženského kláštera u sv. Jakuba. Celkem bylo nalezeno 33 fragmentů hedvábné textilie se zbytky kovových nití, utkané technikou lampas. Celkovou podobu vzoru látky se nepodařilo zjistit, dochovaným ústředním motivem je pták připomínající labuť sedící pod stromem, jehož kmen má v dolní části osekané větve, v koruně lístky a dvě velké šištice. Podle analogií je možné látku z Olomouce interpretovat jako textilii pocházející z Itálie a datovat do poslední třetiny 14. až počátku 15. století. Šlo o tkaninu luxusní, vzhledem k nálezu v blízkosti kláštera se zřejmě původně jednalo o část církevního roucha nebo textilie sloužící při bohoslužbě. Nelze vyloučit ani pozdější druhotné využití textilie.
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