The basic characteristics in several types stable/neutral PBL turbulent regimes are determined on the basis of applied oriented complex method. The significant influence of free-flow stability effects is demonstrated. In particular the results can be used for parameterization of dynamic and diffusion processes in PBL under such conditions.
A unifying mode-coupling theory for transport properties of electrolyte solutions. II. Results for equal-sized ions electrolytes Note: The role of external electric fields in enhancing ion mobility, drift velocity, and drift-diffusion rates in aqueous electrolyte solutions [J.Abstract. The nonlinear differential equations, describing the migration and diffusion motion of ions, driven by an external electric field in electrolytic cell with blocking electrodes, have been solved numerically. The Einstein relation between diffusion and mobility of the ions has been modified to take into account locally unbalanced, transient ion fluxes when external voltage is switched on step-wise.
Graupel mixing ratio over Bulgaria for the warm half year of 2021 based on the AROME-BG numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, is evaluated and connected lightning data detected by the ATDnet lightning location network. Lightning data and forecasted graupel mixing ratios were considered on resolutions of 5×5 km and 10×10 km with flash rate for one and three hours, as well on a daily base using upscaling neighborhood method. Two daily model runs are considered – at 06 and 18 UTC. Commonly used skill-scores in meteorological forecasts are used as evaluation metrics – probability of detection (POD), false alarm rate (F), proportion correct index (PC), and frequency bias index (FBI). Lightning probability forecast (based on graupel mixing ratio) is evaluated at diurnal, monthly, and spatial bases. Results show that graupel mixing ratio taken from the cloud resolving NWP model AROME-BG could be used as a tool to forecast lightning probability with a relatively high performance. Decreases of forecast spatial resolution and time frequency lead to improvement of forecast probability of detection (POD) and frequency bias index (FBI) and to a slight deterioration of its false alarm rate (F) and its percent correct (PC), and the impact of forecast time frequency is more pronounced.
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