According to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral conditions may be determined by social, biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. The study assessed oral health status and its determinants associated with oral health conditions among adult residents in Vilnius, Lithuania. A total of 453 of 35–74-year-olds participated (response rate 63%). A self-reported questionnaire was administered. Dental caries experience (D3MFS score), periodontal probing depth (PPD), andnumber of missing teeth were assessed clinically. Data were analyzed using χ2 test, independent samples t-test, and multivariable linear regression. The mean (sd) of D3MFS scores was 67.3 (33.5), the mean (sd) number of teeth with PPD 4+ mm was 5.9 (5.3), prevalence of periodontitis was 33%, the mean (sd) number of missing teeth was 6.9 (6.8), and prevalence of total edentulism was 3.8%. Medication use was associated with all oral health conditions, while age was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth. Sugar-containing diet was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth, and smoking with caries experience and periodontal status. Systemic diseases were associated with periodontal status, while behavioral determinants, last dental visit, and use of fluoridated toothpaste were associated with missing teeth. Oral health status among adult Vilnius residents was poor. Oral conditions were associated with both biological and behavioral determinants. Oral health promotion should focus on modifying behavioral determinants.

Objectives To evaluate treatment outcomes in patients with severe maxillofacial infections requiring hospital care during a 17‐year period. Methods A retrospective cohort study reviewed 5,465 medical records, and the following data were collected: the reason for infection, locations of inflamed regions, treatment provided, bacteriological findings, and treatment outcomes. Other information included sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender), presence of systemic diseases, and smoking history. Results The annual incidence rate of patients with acute maxillofacial infections was 206 ± 19 cases with a male to female ratio 1.4:1.0, a mean hospital stay of 7.9 ± 4.9 days. Older age (>65 years), smoking and systemic diseases (diabetes), the causative tooth (molar), and need for extraoral incision predicted longer hospitalization. Intravenous penicillin was the most common drug prescribed in 50.5% of cases. A total of 132 different microorganisms were identified. The highest microorganism resistance occurred for metronidazole and the highest sensitivity was to clindamycin. Conclusions Increased age, smoking, diabetes, causative tooth, and the occurrence of several infected spaces were associated with a longer hospital stay. Streptococcus α haemolyticus was the most common microorganism found in more than 70.0% of cases that were sensitive to intravenous penicillin.

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Background : Due to limited skeleton self-healing, bone grafts are used for bone defect repair. Although autografts are considered to be the gold standard, they have several disadvantages like limited bone supply, donor site morbidity. Therefore, one of the most advanced alternatives to autografts could be personalized 3D printed bone scaffolds. The stem cells or their extracellular matrix (ECM) seeded on the scaffolds before implantation will induce angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. Aim/Hypothesis : This study aimed to evaluate 3D PLA scaffolds, which were enhanced with dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) or their produced ECM, effectiveness on bone regeneration. Materials and Methods : PLA1 scaffolds were printed with an FDM 3D printer (Ultimaker Original, Ultimaker, USA) from PLA filament. PLA2 scaffolds were printed with a Pharaoh XD 20 FDM 3D printer. PLA2 filament was created with a hot-melt extrusion technique from PLA beads. Two critical size bone defects were made in the calvaria of Wistar rats. Three groups (n = 8) were studied: I group consisted of negative control and defect filled with Geistlich Bio-Oss ® , II group from PLA1 and PLA2 scaffolds, III group from PLA2 with DPSC and PLA2 ECM scaffolds. Defects were evaluated by micro-CT and histological analysis at eight weeks after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software by one-way ANOVA and Tukey ' s Post Hoc tests (P < 0.05). Approval of the Ethics Committee and permission for the experimentation was received from the State Food and Veterinary Service of Lithuania, No G2-40, 2016-03-18. Results : Histometric measurements showed that 3D printed PLA with DPSC scaffolds had the least pronounced inflammation reaction during biodegradation. Results obtained from micro-CT showed the highest volume of bone formation in the PLA2 with DSPC (4.04, SD = 1.45) and Bio-Oss (4.04, SD = 0.44) groups and the poorest in the negative control (2.55, SD = 0.67) and PLA1 (2.63, SD = 1.28) groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the experimental groups and Bio-Oss. Statistically significantly more bone regenerated in female rats in the PLA2 group than in the PLA1 group (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a gender-specific significant difference (P < 0.05) in PLA2 with DPSC group. Conclusions and Clinical Implications : Within the limits of this study, we concluded that 3D printed PLA2 with DPSC scaffolds have the potential of being used in bone tissue engineering. Further research is needed to analyse the preparation and printing technologies of PLA.