Accounting is a tool of evidence for reporting assets, equities, liabilities, expenses, revenues and profits or losses of the accounting unit. This information is collectively presented in financial statements, which are an essential source of information for external subjects. Nevertheless, the resulting financial statements are relevant only to the extent to which the information charged in the accounting is correct and error-free. For this reason, the aim of this article is to examine the individual areas recorded in accounting in terms of their possible bias due to an error. The objective of this article is to determine which of the areas of accounting are riskiest in relation to the occurrence of errors, and this in connection to the existence of an important foreign partner of the accounting unit. The risk of of the error occurrence is examined from the accountants' perspective. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was used for data collection focusing on areas that are considered to be the most important by the accountants and the areas which are the most problematic. The receivables, expenses and revenues were indicated as the most significant. The areas of long-term assets, financial assets and inventories appear to be problematic due to tax impacts. Expenses, revenues, accruals and deferrals appear to be problematic due to issues with correct valuation. The difference in perception of risk of the error occurrence in relation to the existence of a foreign business partner was proven only for some accounting areas such as liabilities, inventories or expenses.
The aim of the paper is to analyse the opinion of enterprise representatives upon the risk of errors occurrence in selected areas of accounting. Research presented in this paper explains the view of enterprise accountants upon the risk of errors occurrence, both unintentional and intentional, aimed towards the creation of so called "creative accounting". The research itself, done on a sample of 232 Czech enterprises, was based on questionnaire investigation which focused on perception of problematic areas influencing the quality of accounting information. The obtained set of data was evaluated using descriptive method and mathematical/inference statistics. Special testing was done at hypotheses on concordance of two mean values and at the Friedman test. Evaluation of problematic rates of individual areas of accounting revealed that practically each observed area of accounting is connected with specific difficulties. The major causes of problems are tax impacts, namely in the area of the cost, time differentiation and of revenues and also difficulty in pricing, especially in the area of inventories and fixed and financial assets. High respondents´ concordance on rating individual accounting areas as to the risk of an error occurrence was detected. It stemmed from the research that the risk of formation of unintentional errors is subjectively rated as the highest in the areas of conjectural and adjusting items and the lowest at asset and depreciation classification. Rating the space for intentional distortion of accounting statements indicates a very reserved attitude of the respondents. The results have proved that in the respondents´ opinion practically all areas of accounting give space for occurrence of errors. The results of the research provided a somewhat different perspective on the issue of accounting errors in comparison with results published by other authors who used objective assessment of error rate as a departure point.
The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study which analyzes the use of liquidity management among municipalities within the Czech Republic. A research carried out by the Faculty of Management and Economics of TBU in Zlín found that the use of liquidity management in Czech cities is still relatively low. Two basic data collection methods were applied: the use of accounting information from the public database (260 municipalities) and a questionnaire survey implemented in the form of controlled interviews (167 respondents). Applying the accounting data database, we sought to determine whether the recommended values of individual liquidity ratios are also valid in the public sector, specifically among municipalities. Based on the data analysis, we ascertained that most liquidity values of municipalities indicate higher values than those stated as recommended for the private sector, but based on this statistical evaluation, it is not possible as of yet to positively confirm this hypothesis at the significance level 0.05. The results of the study showed that municipalities use liquidity management within a limited scope. Non-profit organizations are recommended to control their liquidity according to general rules, whereas for municipalities it is most advantageous to use the quick ratio and cash position ratio. Each municipality can therefore determine the mutual relationship between components of short-term assets and short-term liabilities according to their own conditions and limitations, e.g. when handling flow transfers, money in funds, or tax income and expenses.
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