In this study, we have developed a series of new monofunctional Ru(II) complexes of the general formula mer-[Ru(Cl-Ph-tpy)(N-N)Cl]Cl in which Cl-Ph-tpy is 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, N-N is a bidentate chelating ligand (1,2-diaminoethane (en, 1), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach, 2) or 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 3)). All complexes were fully characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV-Vis, 1D and 2D NMR). Their chemical behavior in aqueous solution was studied by UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy showing that all compounds are relatively labile leading to the formation of the corresponding aqua species 1aq-3aq. Their DNA binding ability was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching measurements and viscosity measurements. Competitive studies with ethidium bromide (EB) showed that the complexes can displace DNA-bound EB, suggesting strong competition with EB (K=1.1-2.7×10M). These experiments show that the ruthenium complexes interact with DNA via intercalation. The complexes bind to serum protein albumin displaying relatively high binding constants (K=10-10M). Compound 3 displayed from high to moderate cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines HeLa and A549 (with ICca. 12.7μM and 53.8μM, respectively), while complexes 1 and 2 showed only moderate cytotoxicity (with ICca. 84.8μM and 96.3μM, respectively) against HeLa cells. The cell cycle analysis (by flow cytometry) of HeLa and A549 cells treated with complex 3 shows minor changes on the cell cycle phase distribution.
In this work structuring of water and insight into intermolecular interactions between water and fullerenol are studied throughout the process of forming nanoagglomerates at different temperatures applying both experimental and computational approaches. The obtained fullerenol nanoparticles (FNPs) are firstly characterized using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The density, electrical conductivity and dynamic viscosity of aqueous fullerenol solutions are measured in the temperature range of 293.15 to 315.15 K. From the experimental density results other important thermodynamic values, such as apparent molar volumes and the partial molar volumes of water and fullerenol, are also calculated. To support the conclusion derived from the experimental density and calculated volumetric parameters, and to better understand the nature of the interactions with water, molecular dynamics simulations and radial distribution functions are also employed.
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