The aim of this research was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as to measure antioxidant activity of 24 different commercial beers consumed in Serbia.The major phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, salicylic), (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin were also determined by high pressure liquid chromatography method using a photodiode array detector. Gallic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid are the most abundant phenolic acids in all samples, followed by (+)-catechin. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The total flavonoids were measured using spectrophotometrics as the aluminum chloride assay. The results showed that the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were established in dark and light beer samples. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were used to assess the antioxidant potential of beers. These assays, based on different chemical mechanisms, were selected to take into account the wide variety and range of action of antioxidant compounds present in selectedbeer samples. All beers showed antioxidant power, but a wide range of antioxidant capacities was observed. Statistical differences between ferric reducing-antioxidant power and the other two antioxidant capacity assays were confirmed. This study will be useful for the appraisal of phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of various beers, and it will also be of interest for people who like drinking this beverage.

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A considerable amount of data supports a 1.8-7.4-fold increased mortality associated with Cushing’s syndrome (CS). This is attributed to a high occurrence of several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in CS [e.g. adiposity, arterial hypertension (AHT), dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)]. Therefore, practically all patients with CS have the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents a high CVD risk. Characteristically, despite a relatively young average age, numerous patients with CS display a 'high' or 'very high' CVD risk (i.e. risk of a major CVD event >20% in the following 10 years). Although T2DM is listed as a condition with a high CVD risk, CS is not, despite the fact that a considerable proportion of the CS population will develop T2DM or impaired glucose tolerance. CS is also regarded as a risk factor for aortic dissection in current guidelines. This review considers the evidence supporting listing CS among high CVD risk conditions.

Abstract:Water resource has become a guarantee for sustainable development on both local and global scales. Exploiting water resources involves development of hydrological models for water management planning. In this paper we present a new stochastic model for generation of mean annul flows. The model is based on historical characteristics of time series of annual flows and consists of the trend component, long-term periodic component and stochastic component. The rest of specified components are model errors which are represented as a random time series. The random time series is generated by the single bootstrap model (SBM). Stochastic ensemble of error terms at the single hydrological station is formed using the SBM method. The ultimate stochastic model gives solutions of annual flows and presents a useful tool for integrated river basin planning and water management studies. The model is applied for ten large European rivers with long observed period. Validation of model results suggests that the stochastic flows simulated by the model can be used for hydrological simulations in river basins.