Xanthomonas euvesicatoria phage KΦ1, a member of Myoviridae family, was isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper plants showing symptoms of bacterial spot. The phage strain expressed antibacterial activity to all X. euvesicatoria strains tested and did not lyse other Xanthomonas spp., nor other less related bacterial species. The genome of KΦ1 is double-stranded DNA of 46.077 bp including 66 open reading frames and an average GC content of 62.9%, representing the first complete genome sequence published for a phage infecting xanthomonads associated with pepper or tomato. The highest genome similarity was observed between phage KΦ1 and the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae specific phage OP2. On the other hand, when compared with other members of the genus Bcep78virus, the genome similarity was lower. Forty-four (67%) predicted KΦ1 proteins shared homology with Xanthomonas phage OP2, while 20 genes (30%) were unique to KΦ1. Phage KΦ1, which is chloroform resistant and stable in different media and in the pH range 5-11, showed a high titer storage ability for at least 2 years at +4°C. Copper-hydroxide and copper-oxychloride reduced phage activity proportionally to the used concentrations and the exposure time. UV light was detrimental to the phage strain, but skim milk plus sucrose formulation extended its survival in vitro. The phages survived for at least 7 days on the surface of pepper leaves in the greenhouse, showing the ability to persist on the plant tissue without the presence of the host bacterium. Results of three repeated experiments showed that foliar applications of the unformulated KΦ1 phage suspension effectively controlled pepper bacterial spot compared to the standard treatment and the untreated control. The integration of the phage KΦ1 and copper-hydroxide treatments resulted in an increased efficacy compared to the copper-hydroxide alone.
REZIMETokom 2008. godine prikupljeni su uzorci obolelog lišća paprike sa simptomima bakteriozne pegavosti iz različitih lokaliteta Republike Srbije. Izolacijom iz zaraženih listova dobijen je 101 soj bakterija. Cilj ovog rada je proučavanje odlika i identifikacija izolovanih sojeva bakterije u skladu sa najnovijom nomenklaturom. Patogene i biohemijsko-fiziološke karakteristike sojeva proučene su korišćenjem standardnih bakterioloških testova. Određivanje fizioloških rasa bakterijske populacije izvršeno je na osnovu reakcije diferencijalnih sorti paprike Early Calwonder (ECW), njenih izogenih linija (ECW-10, ECW-20 ECW-30) i reakcijom sorte Capsicum pubescens. Proučena je osetljivost sojeva u in vitro uslovima na streptomicin, kasugamicin i bakar-sulfat. Rezultati proučavanja biohemijsko-fizioloških odlika sojeva ukazuju da naši sojevi pripadaju genetičkoj grupi "A", odnosno vrsti Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Proučavani sojevi, takođe, predstavljaju heterogenu populaciju u kojoj su zastupljene četiri fiziološke rase bakterije X. euvesicatoria (P1, P3, P7, P8). Sojevi rezistentni na streptomicin nisu detektovani ovim istraživanjima. Otpornost na 50 ppm kasugamicina utvrđena je kod 6 sojeva, a 13 sojeva je bilo otporno na 200 ppm bakar-sulfata. Prikazani rezultati ukazuju na opasnost od razvoja rezistentnosti bakterija na ova jedinjenja.
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is one of the most devastating pepper diseases in Serbia. Questionable seed quality, climatic conditions, and frequent irrigation during summer favour the disease occurrence and spread. The available management practices do not provide adequate disease control. Therefore, development of alternative and more sustainable disease management strategies is needed. Integration of classical and biological treatments could be an effective, environmentally safe option for reducing pepper bacterial spot severity. In order to develop an efficient integrated disease management program, we studied efficacy of biocontrol agents (bacteriophage strain KФ1 and two strains of Bacillus subtilis AAac and QST 713), systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer
The aim of this study was to examine the reaction of different tomato cultivars towards race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The researched tomato cultivars were: Adonis, Gružanski zlatni, Jasmin crveni, Narvik SPF and SP109, breeding lines Hom-3, Hom-4, L-4, S-49, S-31, S- 35, SPA, SPR,V-100, 34/56, 93/10 and 93/16. Reaction to pathogen were tested in F1 generation, as well, in combination of 93/16 x V-100, S-35 x L- 4, S-49 x SPA, 34/56 x SPR, S-49 x Hom-4, 93/16 x Hom-3 and 93/10 x S- 31. Plants were inoculated by submerging wounded roots in to pathogen suspension. Disease was assessed 30 days after inoculation. After evaluation 15 cultivars expressed resistance toward this pathogen. Among them 93/10 x S-31, Hom-3 and 93/10 had average disease rating 1,0. Other genotypes had average disease ratings as follows: Narvik SPF and S-49 (1,1), 34/56, Hom-4 and S-49 x Hom-4 (1,2), while Adonis, 93/16 x Hom-3, 34/56 x SPR and 93/16 x V-100 had average disease rating 1,3. Cultivars SPR and 93/16 had 1,7 ADR, meanwhile Sp-109 had 1,8 average rating. Genotypes SPA (2,1), S-49 x SPA (2,1), V-100 (2,2) and L-4 (2,6) belong to the group of tolerant genotypes who did not expressed typical symptoms of chlorosis and wilt of plant but expressed some level of necrosis of xylem in lower part of plants. Most sensitive to fusarium wilt were S-35 x L-4 (3,3), S-35 (3,5), S-31 (3,6), Gružanski zlatni (3,8) and Jasmin Crveni with average disease rating of 4,0
Bacterial diseases of apple are less numerous compared to fungal diseases, but under favorable conditions they can cause enormous damage. This is especially true for fire blight of apple, which can, in some years, cause complete tree death of sensitive cultivars. Fire blight has been present in Serbia for more than 30 years. Growing sensitive apple cultivars and lack of effective bactericides caused the disease to spread in a relatively short time in most of the apple fruit producing regions. Additional troublesome event for producers in Serbia is the ban on the use of antibiotics in plant protection. In addition to fire blight, this paper also describes other bacterial diseases of apple, such as crown gall, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium rhizogenes, and bacterial dieback and canker of fruit trees, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The aim of this paper is to provide the knowledge on the most important bacterial diseases of apple, their importance in apple production, epidemiology and disease symptoms, as well as protection measures in order to reduce the damage they cause.
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