No abstract

Objective The aim of the Female Pelvic Imaging Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) was to develop imaging staging guidelines for vulvar cancer and to propose standardised MRI protocols and reporting. Methods The guidelines recommended from the ESUR in this article resulted from a questionnaire analysis regarding imaging staging of vulvar cancer that was answered by all members of the Female Pelvic Imaging Working Group. Only the answers with an agreement equal to or more than 80% were considered. Additionally, the literature was reviewed to complement and further support our conclusions. Results The critical review of the literature and consensus obtained among experts allows for recommendations regarding imaging staging guidelines, patient preparation, MRI protocol, and a structured MRI report. Conclusions Standardising image acquisition techniques and MRI interpretation reduces ambiguity and ultimately improves the contribution of radiology to the staging and management of patients with vulvar cancer. Moreover, structured reporting assists with the communication of clinically relevant information to the referring physician.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This study shows that the automobile is still not well enough adapted for human beings, especially in the part of the interior where the foot controls are located. When designing passenger vehicles ergonomically, the anthropometric limitations are as important as the technical limitations. Moreover, exacting contemporary economic and ecological requirements mean that the interior of the standard passenger vehicle must be designed to reduce front surface and air resistance to a minimum. The present authors offer a new method for designing the part of the interior of standard passenger vehicles where the foot controls are located as an indivisible part of the whole interior, with interrelated functional links using anthropometric limitations. These vary according to region and country and change with time. This study uses anthropometric data for drivers from Serbia from 1976 to 2007. The objective was, taking into account vehicle interior height limitations, to accommodate the largest range of anthropometric dimensions, from the fifth-percentile woman to the 95th-percentile man, which was accomplished using a new method for model accommodation optimization. Furthermore, comfort and a safe steering position are assured. The existence of the O point is required as the origin of a coordinate system with x, y, and z axes for the man-vehicle system and this enables the mechanical and mathematical functions to be defined more accurately within the system. By applying the suggested method and processing the data acquired, an optimum space for foot controls was obtained. The space for foot control location lies horizontally along the x axis forward from the O point by 320 mm and vertically along the z axis by 230 mm. The space height along the z axis is 465 mm. The space is determined in four segments by the anthropomeasures of the foot of the 95th-percentile man and the fifth-percentile woman, first starting from the floor line to the point (2320 mm, 230 mm). Also, it is determined by the height of 465 mm of the 95th-percentile man to the point (50 mm, 465 mm), when the space as far as the lower half of the windshield glass is defined by the fifth-percentile woman. In this way, a larger space is needed for seating of the fifth-percentile woman than would be needed if only the 95th-percentile man were seated.

This paper discusses a new way of modelling the width of the space that accommodates the drivers of passenger vehicles. The fact that there is a more or less fixed zero point, which is the origin of the coordinates of the man-vehicle system makes it possible to determine the mechanical–mathematical co-dependence in this system more accurately. The space is determined by taking extreme pairs of the dimensions and a series of anthropometric measurements to which the vehicle needs to be adjusted as the measurement limits. These were determined by analysis which includes both the theory of mechanisms and vehicle mechanics. In this way the method of adapting the vehicle to accommodate a range from the 5th-percentile woman to the 95th-percentile man has finally been surpassed. The paper demonstrates a methodology for designing the interior space of a passenger vehicle based on the fact that, in a range of anthropometric measurements of equal total lengths, each measurement has segments of different lengths, because people with the same leg lengths have different upper-and lower-leg lengths. Therefore the interior space of the vehicle is designed to accommodate extreme measurements and to allow for limitations caused by movement and the physical laws derived from seeing the anthropometric measurement mechanism as a mechanical mechanism. The paper offers a design for the space behind the windscreen, the position of the steering wheel, and the position of the foot controls together with the total space which the driver occupies, primarily from the aspect of anthropometric limitations, concluding that the maximum width for accommodation of the driver at the lowest level of a seat along the x axis is 169 mm, and along the y axis is 1013 mm.