A sensitivity analysis of the multiple scattering theory applied to propagation in tree canopies is presented. This analysis aims at addressing the influence of input parameters on the canopy's equivalent scattering amplitude as well as the overall coherent and incoherent scattered fields. The main input parameters of interest were identified as frequency, number densities and dielectric parameters of branches and leaves, polarization, and a canopy shape. A number of graphical results are provided enabling to identify the key parameters of corresponding radio-wave propagation models based on the multiple scattering theory.
An extensive measurement campaign, covering a representative set of typical buildings in an urban area and aimed at building penetration loss for satellite services at L-, S-and C-band, was performed in Prague in the summer of 2009. Throughout the measurements, a remote-controlled airship was used as a pseudosatellite carrying a transmitter which provided unmodulated continuous wave left-handed circularly polarized signals at 2.0 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5.0 GHz, and 6.5 GHz. A description of the measurement campaign is provided here, together with a thorough analysis of the resulting experimental data. A significant dependence on elevation angle is reported for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation conditions separately. Subsequent steps to introduce elevation dependent empirical models at corresponding frequencies follow. Finally, a comparison to other studies dealing with building penetration loss for high elevation angles is presented.
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