No abstract

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder often associated with cognitive impairment and affective, mainly depressive, symptoms. Antipsychotic medication is the primary intervention for stabilization of acute psychotic epi sodes and prevention of recurrences and relapses in patients with schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotics, the older class of antipsychotic agents, are currently used much less frequently than newer atypical antipsychotics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antipsychotic drugs is the specific method of clinical pharmacology, which involves measurement of drug serum concentrations followed by interpretation and good cooperation with the clinician. TDM is a powerful tool that allows tailor-made treatment for the specific needs of individual patients. It can help in monitoring adherence, dose adjustment, minimizing the risk of toxicity and in cost-effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The review provides complex knowledge indispensable to clinical pharmacologists, pharmacists and clinicians for interpretation of TDM results.

No abstract

Aims.To determine the extent of vancomycin removal and vancomycin pharmacokinetics in septic patients with AKI using daily hemodialysis with polysulphone high-flux and low-flux membrane. Methods. Five patients received 6 h daily dialysis with low-flux polysulphone membrane, four patients with high-flux polysulphone membrane. Vancomycin was administered over the last hour of dialysis. The maintenance dose was adjusted based on pre-hemodialysis serum concentrations. Patients were followed up for two days. Results. Median percentage of vancomycin removal by low-flux membrane dialysis was 17% (8-38%) and by high-flux membrane dialysis was 31% (13-43%). Vancomycin clearance was only moderately higher in high-flux membrane dialysis (median 3.01 L/h, range 2.34-3.5 L/h) compared to low-flux dialysis (median 2.48 L/h, range 0.53-5.68 L/h) in the first day of the study. About two-fold higher vancomycin clearance in high-flux dialysis (median 3.62 L/h, range 1.37-5.07 L/h) was observed on the second day of the study than low-flux dialysis (median 1.74 L/h, range 0.75-30.94 L/h). Conclusions. Both high-flux and low-flux membrane dialysis remove considerable amounts of vancomycin in critically ill septic patients with AKI. Application of vancomycin after each dialysis was required to maintain therapeutic concentrations.