Citicoline is a chemical compound involved in the synthesis of cell membranes. It also has other, not yet explained functions. Research on the use of citicoline is conducted in neurology, ophthalmology, and psychiatry. Citicoline is widely available as a dietary supplement. It is often used to enhance cognitive functions. In our article, accessible databases were searched for articles regarding citicoline use in neurological diseases. This article has a systemic review form. After rejecting non-eligible reports, 47 remaining articles were reviewed. The review found that citicoline has been proven to be a useful compound in preventing dementia progression. It also enhances cognitive functions among healthy individuals and improves prognosis after stroke. In an animal model of nerve damage and neuropathy, citicoline stimulated regeneration and lessened pain. Among patients who underwent brain trauma, citicoline has an unclear clinical effect. Citicoline has a wide range of effects and could be an essential substance in the treatment of many neurological diseases. Its positive impact on learning and cognitive functions among the healthy population is also worth noting.

Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of unknown etiology. Diagnosis of MS is primarily based on detection of myelin damage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and classification of demyelination according to the McDonald Criteria. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) has been shown to affect the onset and progression of MS via its immunomodulating properties. The role of vitamin D in MS pathogenesis and treatment deserves further investigation, as there is sufficient evidence to suggest a correlation between vitamin D blood level and brain MRI lesion load. State of knowledge. Elevated blood vitamin D concentration is linked with demyelination, as determined by T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Blood vitamin D blood levels are affected by sun exposure, among other factors; however, there is no evident connection between abnormalities in myelination and seasonality. Vitamin D supplementation among MS patients has been associated with a lower probability of new lesions and loss of existing lesion volume, as observed seen in T1-weighted MRI scans (p=0.03). An increase in TGF-beta levels was noted among patients using vitamin D supplementation, which may suggest a mechanism by which cholecalciferol may improve MS prognosis. Patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) exhibited an inverse correlation between vitamin D concentration and risk of new lesions as seen in T2-weighted MRI scans. Moreover, vitamin D intake among these patients lowered the risk of progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). Daily intake of vitamin D during fingolimod treatment correlated strongly with lower numbers of new lesions. High dose vitamin D supplementation during interferon beta-1a treatment was linked to lower mean percentage of lesions compared with volume pre-treatment seen by T2-weighted MRI. Results. Recent findings advocate for the monitoring of vitamin D blood levels in MS patients. Vitamin D supplementation should be considered in both MS patients and patients with CIS, where other signs of disease may be delayed. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation appears to lower the likelihood of new demyelination changes apparent in MRI examinations.

Introduction and objective. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used in medicine for many years. BoNT, prevents acetylcholine from being released into synapses, causing flaccid muscles paralysis. The article reviews the current knowledge of botulinum toxin application in the treatment of neurological diseases, focusing on therapeutic efficacy and side-effects. The aim of the review is to analyze the largest possible number of neurological conditions in which the application of botulinum toxin was considered. Materials and method. A literature review of the last 10 years was conducted using the key words: 'botulinum toxin neurology' in the PubMed database, with the search criteria: clinical trials, free full text in English, research on humans. 2,581 manuscripts were found. After initial analysis, 188 publications were selected for further elaboration. Finally, 61 compatible publications were identified and included in the review. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge. In the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with BoNT, despite the reduction in tics frequency, patients did not report any benefits. There are promising reports on the reduction of the intensity of neuropathic pain and neuralgia in trigeminal neuralgia after the use of BoNT-A. Improvement in rest tremor has been seen in patients with Parkinson's disease. Administration of BoNT-A among patients with bruxism was associated with improved sleep quality and reduction of the symptoms intensity. Research confirms the effectiveness of using BoNT in the treatment of bothersome symptoms occurring in migraine, drooling, cervical dystonia and neurogenic bladder. Conclusions. Although the use of BoNT in neurological diseases is widely studied and used, the appropriate administration technique and safety of use are worth further research.