Pediatric cancers predominantly constitute lymphomas and leukemias. Recently, our knowledge and awareness about genetic diversities, and their consequences in these diseases, have greatly expanded. Modern solutions are focused on mobilizing and impacting a patient’s immune system. Strategies to stimulate the immune system, to prime an antitumor response, are of intense interest. Amid those types of therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, bispecific antibodies, and antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), which have already been approved in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), i.e., NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and several kinds of therapy antibodies are well on their way to showing significant benefits for patients with these diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of modern methods used in selected pediatric malignancies and presents therapies that may hold promise for the future.
One of the most common cancer malignancies is non-Hodgkin lymphoma, whose incidence is nearly 3% of all 36 cancers combined. It is the fourth highest cancer occurrence in children and accounts for 7% of cancers in patients under 20 years of age. Today, the survivability of individuals diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma varies by about 70%. Chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy have been the main methods of treatment, which have improved outcomes for many oncological patients. However, there is still the need for creation of novel medications for those who are treatment resistant. Additionally, more effective drugs are necessary. This review gathers the latest findings on non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment options for pediatric patients. Attention will be focused on the most prominent therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and others.
Introduction and purpose: Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is difficult since the exact pathogenic mechanism has not been established yet. Due to that fact, the substances registered to treat PCOS are still lacking efficacy and are associated with a number of adverse effects. The aim of this study is to review new possible treatment approaches. State of knowledge: Inositol administered alone or combined with oral contraceptive drugs improves patients’ hormonal status and alleviates the weight increase in comparison to oral contraceptive drugs on their own. Berberine reduces insulin resistance, improves lipid metabolism, and reduces inflammatory reactions. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have a better weight loss effect and less severe adverse reactions than metformin. Thiazolidinediones combined with metformin improve ovulation rate, acne and increase SHGB levels. Thiazolidinediones have also less severe adverse reactions than metformin and can be useful in patients who are not able to tolerate metformin. Summary: The review has shown that inositol, berberine, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists andthiazolidinediones have promising therapeutic effects in terms of PCOS treatment, however, more research is needed to establish safety and efficacy of those agents. Nonetheless, results of this study may be utilized in the education of health specialists in endocrinology departments.
Background: Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor, with the typical age of diagnosis being 60 years old. In the field of risk factors, we can distinguish, between genetic disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, smoking, and alcohol abuse. Guidelines for the screening methods are very wide, hence it may be difficult to make the right diagnosis at the early stages of cancer. Additional difficulties can be caused by similarities to inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Case report: We present a case of a 22-year-old male patient, with the symptoms of weight loss, stool retention, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and received the first dose of anti-inflammatory treatment. At that point, the diagnostic process and the workflow of medical care were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After receiving the x-ray and computed tomography, the obstruction of the ileum was found, and an urgent operation was performed. Tissue samples obtained during surgery revealed the proper diagnosis, a low-differentiated adenocarcinoma (G3) of the small intestine, stage T4Nx. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the patient’s condition, age, and symptoms, we should always think about the probable malignant process. Inflammatory diseases are known for increasing cancer risk and should always be the indication of this disease. The age of onset of the disease is very unusual, however, we must be aware of such cases in our clinical practice.
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