, M. 2012. Using cost-plus-loss analysis to define optimal forest inventory interval and forest inventory accuracy. Silva Fennica 46(2): 211-226.In recent years, optimal inventory accuracy has been analyzed with a cost-plus-loss methodology, where the total costs of inventory include both the measurement costs and the losses from the decisions based on the collected information. Losses occur, when the inaccuracies in the data lead to sub-optimal decisions. In almost all cases, it has been assumed that the accuracy of the once collected data remains the same throughout the planning period, and the period has been from 10 up to 100 years. In reality, the quality of the data deteriorates in time, due to errors in the predicted growth. In this study, we carried out a cost-plus-loss analysis accounting for the errors in (stand-level) growth predictions of basal area and dominant height. In addition, we included the inventory errors of these two variables with several different levels of accuracy, and costs of inventory with several different assumptions of cost structure. Using the methodology presented in this study, we could calculate the optimal inventory interval (life-span of data) minimizing the total costs of inventory and losses through the 30-year planning period. When the inventory costs only to a small extent depended on the accuracy, the optimal inventory period was 5 years and optimal accuracy RMSE 0%. When the costs more and more heavily depended on the accuracy, the optimal interval turned out to be either 10 or 15 years, and the optimal accuracy reduced from RMSE 0% to RMSE 20%. By increasing the accuracy of the growth models, it was possible to reduce the inventory accuracy or lengthen the interval, i.e. obtain clear savings in inventory costs.
Background: Paediatric traffic accidents (TA) have a major impact globally on youth deaths and disabilities. It is known that the trends of TAs leading to fatal outcomes are decreasing in high-income countries. However, the literature concerning children's non-fatal TAs is scarce and outdated. The aim of this study was to report on the epidemiology of TAs amongst children admitted to the emergency department (ED) in Tampere, Finland. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective cohort study in Tampere University Hospital from January 2016 to May 2017. The study population consisted of all TA trauma patients aged 16 years or younger. A total of 386 cases (386 visits / 381 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Outcome variables such as length of stay, incidences of different accidents and types injuries, and seasonal variation were recorded. Results: The mean age of the patients was 12.2 ± 4.2 years (boys: n = 247, 64%). The incidence of TAs in Tampere was 26.6 per 10,0 0 0 with a peak of 119.6 in children 15 years of age. Most of the TAs occurred during the summer. Of the patients admitted to the ED, 33% (n = 127) did not require any specific medical treatment, and only 16% (n = 62) of the hospital stays lasted for two nights or more. Mopeds/motorcycles were the vehicles most commonly involved in accidents causing 35% (n = 134) of all accidents and resulting in the most severe injuries. The most common injuries were superficial (n = 142, 38%) and the most frequent anatomical region affected was the lower limbs (n = 130, 34%). Conclusion: We found that the majority of childhood traffic accidents in Tampere were mild and required only minor treatment. However, when the child reaches the legal age for acquiring a driving licence for a moped the risk for TAs and resulting injuries increases dramatically. These findings highlight the need for better targeted TA prevention.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.