Background : Ethiopia reported the first case of COVID-19 on March 13 th , 2020 with community transmission ensue by mid-May. National, population-based serosurvey against anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was conducted to measure the prevalence of prior COVID-19 infections and better approximate the burden across major towns in Ethiopia. Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based serosurvey from June 24 to July 8, 2020 in 14 major urban areas. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to randomly select enumeration areas and households. All persons aged ≥15 years were enrolled. Serum samples tested by Abbott™ ARCHITECT™ assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. National COVID-19 surveillance data on the median date of the serosurvey is analyzed for comparison. Findings : Adjusted seroprevalence was 3.5% (95% CI: 3.2%-3.8%) after controlling for age, sex and test kit performance. Males (3.7%) and females (3.3%) were nearly equally infected, while middle-aged adults 40-65 years had the highest (4.0%) prevalence. Gambella (7.5%), Dire Dawa (6.2%) and Jigjiga (6.1%) were most affected towns. About 6.7% and 8.0% of seropositives had symptoms and chronic underlying illness, respectively. Surveillance system had identified 4,416 RT-PCR confirmed cases in Addis Ababa. Interpretation : This serosurvey shows majority of urban Ethiopians remain uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. Most anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive cases were asymptomatic with no underlying illness, keeping case detection to a minimum.
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental disorder after traumatic exposure that can have long-lasting physical and mental health consequences. In 2021, Ethiopia saw the highest number of internally displaced people (IDP) due to conflict and war with the scope of the internal displacement being very high in the study area and less attention has been given to mental health. Objective To determine the prevalence and associated factors of PTSD among internally displaced people in camps at Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1–30, 2021 among 406 IDPs, who were selected by random systematic sampling from the registration and proportionally allocated to three IDP camps in Debre Berhan. Post-traumatic stress disorder was measured by the PTSD checklist (DSM-5). Data were collected through an interviewer-administered pre-tested questionnaire, entered into EpiData version 3.1, and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Bivariate binary logistic regression was used to select candidate variables with p < 0.25. Multicollinearity was checked by using the variance inflation factor and it was less than 10. Model adequacy was checked by Hosmer & Lemeshow goodness of test (p > 0.05). In the multivariable binary logistic regression, the association between outcome and independent variables was declared at p < 0.05 with its adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence level. Results The prevalence of PTSD among the respondents was 67.5% (95% CI: 63–72). Being a merchant (AOR = 0.41 [95% CI: 0.02–0.85]), witnessing the destruction of property (AOR = 1.67 [95% CI: 1.01–2.74]), facing trauma during displacement (AOR = 6.00 [95% CI: 2.75–13.10]), frequency of displacement (AOR = 0.31 [95% CI: 0.11–0.85]), being distressed (AOR = 5.42 [95% CI: 3.25–9.05]), and unemployment (AOR = 2.09 [95% CI: 1.24–3.54]) were factors significantly associated with PTSD. Conclusion This study provides evidence of the high prevalence of PTSD among internally displaced people. Therefore, mental health and psychosocial support are urgently required to address the identified factors and help the displaced people against long-term avoidable suffering.
Background. Chikungunya virus is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito bite. Chikungunya virus outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread, and the disease manifests as acute fever. This study aimed at determining risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak to apply appropriate prevention and control measures. Methods. Unmatched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors of chikungunya outbreak in Somali region of Ethiopia in 2019. Cases and controls were enrolled with 1 : 2 ratio. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were implemented. The serum samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute Laboratory. Results. A total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19th May 2019 to 8th June 2019. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 20.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4–66.7), presence of open water holding container (AOR: 4.0; CI: 1.2–3.5), presence of larvae in water holding container (AOR: 4.8; CI: 1.4–16.8), ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors (AOR: 27.9; CI: 6.5–120.4), and not wearing full body cover clothes (AOR: 8.1; CI: 2.2–30.1) were significant risk factors. Conclusion. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping, presence of open water holding container, presence of larvae in water holding container, ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors, and not wearing full body cover clothes are risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak.
17 Background; Chikungunya Virus is a Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito 18 bite. Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus are responsible vectors for Chikungunya Virus 19 transmission. CHIKV outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread and infection rates as high as 20 75%. A combination of health system efforts and healthy behavior practices by the community is 21 essential for effective control.22 Methods; Unmatched case control study was done to identify risk factors of this outbreak. One 23 case to two controls ratios was calculated. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 24 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were implemented. Serum 25 samples were tested by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute 26 laboratory. 27 Results; A total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19 th May 2019 to 8 th 28 June 2019. Not using bed net at day time sleeping (P-value < 0.001, AOR 20.8, 95CI 6.4 -66.7), 29 presence of open water holding container (P-value 0.023, AOR 4, 95CI 1.2 -13.5), presence of 30 larvae in water holding container (P-value 0.015, AOR 4.8, 95CI 1.4 -16.8), ill person with 31 similar sign and symptoms in the family or neighbors (P-value <0.001, AOR 27.9, 95CI 6.5 -32 120.4) and wearing not full body cover clothes (P-value 0.002, AOR 8.1, 95CI 2.2 -30.1) were 33 significant risk factors. 34 Conclusion; Using bed nets at day time sleeping, cover the water holding containers, wearing full 35 body cover cloths are protective factors. 36 37 Background 39 Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is an RNA virus that belongs to the Alphavirus genus of the 40 Togaviridae family transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. 41 CHIKV outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread and infection rates as high as 75%; 72%-93% 42 of infected persons become symptomatic. The disease manifests as acute fever and potentially 43 debilitating polyarthralgia [1]. 44 The Aedes Mosquitoes breed in domestic settings such as flower vases, water-storage containers, 45 etc. and peri-domestic areas such as construction sites, coconut shells, discarded household junk 46 items (vehicular tyre, plastic and metal cans, etc.). Adult mosquitoes rest in cool and shady areas 47 in domestic and peri-domestic settings and bite humans commonly during the daytime [2]. 48 Since the first outbreak in Tanzania in 1952 Chikungunya Virus has caused outbreaks in various 49 parts of Africa. Chikungunya Virus has been found to circulate in Eastern and Central Africa. 50 Chikungunya fever is commonly a self-resolved disease. Whereas, patients with coexisting 51 conditions such as cardiovascular, neurologic, and respiratory disorders or diabetes needs 52 hospitalization. Additionally, Chikungunya Virus may present with bleeding when co-exist with 53 dengue fever [3-5]. 54 Chikungunya Virus is a highly contagious disease that can affect up to 70% of the total population 55 of the outbreak affected area. The virus can easily tr...
Rapid scale-up of surveillance activities is the key to successful coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prevention and mitigation. Ethiopia did not have a sufficient number of active surveillance officers for the public health COVID-19 response. Training of surveillance officers was needed urgently to fill the gap in the workforce needed. Subject-matter experts from the United States and Ethiopia developed applicable training modules including background on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), contact investigation, and communications. The training modules were delivered live in real-time via web-based virtual presentation. Seventy-seven health surveillance officers were hired, trained, and deployed in two weeks to assist with surveillance activities in Ethiopia. Electronic capacity building is needed in order to improve Web-based training in resource-limited settings where internet access is limited or unreliable. Web-based synchronously delivered course was an effective platform for COVID-19 surveillance training. However, strengthening public and private information technology capacity, literacy, and internet availability will improve Web-based education platforms in resource-limited countries.
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