дурнОй епискОп как тиран в «сентенциях» исидОра севильскОГО Аннотация. В статье рассматривается фигура дурного епископа в «Сентенциях» Исидора Севильского в связи c образом тирана. Так, комбинация ключевых пороков плохого епископа (прежде всего гордыня, гнев и жестокость) соответствуют в рамках римской риторической традиции ключевым характеристикам tyrannus, переосмысленного уже в христианском духе. Деятельность плохого епископа, как и тирана, ведет к дезорганизации социального порядка и в результате к разрушению populus. Использование образа тирана применительно к дурному предстоятелю объясняется укорененностью фигуры епископа в системе полисных ценностей, претерпевшей значительные трансформации. Гнев и гордыня дурного епископа помещали его в сферу мирского и связывали его с дьяволом, уничтожая самую суть епископского служения. В силу «десакрализации» епископ переставал быть центром всех социальных связей общины. Риторика, связанная с образом тираном, наиболее адекватно отражает такое понимание роли епископа в обществе. Ключевые слова: епископ, тиран, сакральность, Исидор Севильский, «Сентенции», риторическая традиция, Толедское королевство вестготов, поздняя античность, раннее Средневековье Благодарности. Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта «Парадигма христианского священства и ее трансформации в истории и современности» Лаборатории исследований церковных институций ПСТГУ при поддержке Фонда развития ПСТГУ.
The article is concerned with the key medieval opposition between auctoritas and potestas. It is explored in connection with the figure of the bishop as mainly exemplified in the canons of the Councils of Toledo. Since these words were not attributed to secular or ecclesiastical authority alone, a brief overview of the word usage is first given. Firstly, it made possible to specify the interaction between royal power and the Church, for which secular power was understood as alien. Secondly, examples of the non-technical use of the terms auctoritas and potestas in relation to the bishop have been detected. These cases are then examined. The author briefly retraces the continuity of the Roman notion of auctoritas in relation to the authority of the bishop (mature age, experience, eloquence, euergetism, reputation based among others on such right qualities as grauitas, prudentia, probitas etc.). As in Roman period, the auctoritas of the bishop means above all his power of persuasion, therefore his main management tools were preaching and admonition (sacerdotalis admonitio). The subordinates were supposed to take the path of correction by their will (uoluntas propria). If the bishop lacked authority, he could resort to various types of punishment (animaduersio sacerdotalis). Animaduersio sacerdotalis was linked to the potestas concept. The author suggests that the words auctoritas and potestas could be used as metaphors for describing the bishop's role models. If potestas model, relatable to the sphere of the secular, prevailed, this could cause destruction of the community as a sacralized small community where relationships were to be based on consensus reached non-violently. These observations help to clarify the widespread statement that since the fifth century auctoritas was supposedly connected only with spiritual power and potestas with secular power.
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