Myopia prevalence increased from 6% at ages 6-8 to 29% at ages 11-13. Thirty-five per cent of the myopes in this study were uncorrected. More time outdoors may be beneficial to protect against myopia onset.
SIGNIFICANCE
In this study, assessments of conjunctival redness were performed to evaluate whether patients with or without dry eye disease (DED) could be discriminated based on this measure. Our findings suggest that subjectively grading redness by quadrant, as opposed to automated en face measurements, may be more suitable for this purpose.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to quantify bulbar redness using the validated bulbar redness (VBR) grading scale and an automated objective method (Oculus Keratograph 5M; K5M) in participants with DED and non-DED controls.
METHODS
Participants with DED (Ocular Surface Disease Index score ≥20 and Oxford scale corneal staining ≥2) and controls (Ocular Surface Disease Index score ≤10 and corneal staining ≤1) attended two study visits. In part 1A of visit 1, baseline bulbar redness was graded with the VBR scale in each conjunctival quadrant of both eyes, followed by automated measurements of temporal and nasal redness with the K5M. This was immediately followed by part 1B, during which a topical vasoconstrictor was instilled into both eyes. Redness assessments were repeated 5 and 30 minutes after instillation with both instruments. Participants returned 14 days later for visit 2, where the same assessments as for visit 1A were repeated.
RESULTS
Seventy-four participants (50 DED and 24 controls) completed the study. There were statistically significant differences in redness between the DED and control groups when assessed with the VBR scale (14/16 comparisons; all, P < .05), whereas no significant differences in K5M-derived redness between the DED and non-DED groups were found at any location or time point. Both subjective and objective instruments detected statistically significant reductions in redness 5 and 30 minutes after instillation of the vasoconstrictor (all, P < .01).
CONCLUSIONS
Although both subjective and objective instruments were sensitive to detecting changes in redness induced by vasoconstriction, statistically significant differences in redness between DED and control groups were only found using the VBR scale.
Reduced parameter models of jet noise mechanisms serve as computational vehicles to estimate sound pressure and directivies at arbitrary locations in the farfield. The customary formulations have been successful at predicting autospectra and directivities, but the calculation of crossspectra and coherences has not been attempted. The authors will present a procedure for calculating crossspectra and coherences from the simple source model, i.e., an equivalent monopole density over a volume enclosing the jet noise sources. It will be shown that realistic coherences and crossspectra are only well defined when several mutually incoherent noise sources are being considered, and both convergence and spatial aliasing phenomena will be defined and investigated.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Apple introduced a lidar-based depth sensor and enhanced Augmented Reality (AR) application programming interface (API) to the 2020 iPad Pro and iPhone 12 Pro, making widespread use of 3D scanning possible. Here we quantified the bias and repeatability of the 3D scans made using this system. The exterior and interior of a single vehicle and the exterior of a filing cabinet were scanned four times by eight different operators. Each operator then extracted four measurements from each of the exterior scans, five measurements from each of the interior scans, and three measurements from each of the filing cabinet scans. Hand measurements using a string and tape measure were used as reference values to estimate the bias. The values extracted from the 3D scans were biased between 0.9 and 9.3 cm below the actual exterior measurements and between 2.2 cm below and 0.3 cm above the actual interior measurements. The repeatability standard deviation varied from 1.8 to 5.8 cm for the exterior measurements and from 0.6 to 1.4 cm for the interior measurements. Based on the measurements we used here, the interior 3D scans were more accurate than the exterior scans, with the interior scans having a similar bias, though larger variance, to hand measurements.</div></div>
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