Abstract:While the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) in Scotland contains valuable information on more than 170,000 archaeological monuments, it is clear that this dataset is conditioned by the disposition of past survey and changing parameters of data collection strategies over many decades. This highlights the importance of creating systematic datasets, in which the standards to which they were created are explicit, and against which the reliability of our knowledge of the material remains of the past can be assessed. This paper describes issues of data structure and reliability, then discussing the methodologies under development for expediting the progress of national-scale mapping with specific reference to the Isle of Arran. Preliminary outcomes of a recent archaeological mapping project of the island, which has been used to develop protocols for rapid large area mapping, are outlined. The primary sources for the survey were airborne laser scanning derivatives and orthophotographs, supplemented by field observation, and the project has more than doubled the number of known monuments of Arran. The survey procedures are described, followed by a discussion of the utility of 'general purpose' remote sensed datasets, focusing on the assessment of strengths and weaknesses for rapid mapping of large areas.
The characteristics and form of heritage data are fundamental to its utility in a range of applications, particularly so for heritage agencies who have a remit in management, policy, and the creation and curation of national databases of monuments, sites, and landscapes. Written from the perspective of an archaeological survey function in a national heritage agency, this paper draws on preliminary outcomes from a research and development project that aims to proof protocols for creating systematic data across large areas drawing heavily on remotely sensed data. This recognises that a systemic consideration of the implications of changing technology and data is sometimes desirable, rather than gradual assimilation of developments into existing practice. In particular, the issues being addressed relate to the challenges and opportunities of proliferating remote sensed data and digital workflows. These include the strategic assessment of threat, consideration of fitness for purpose of different datasets relative to landscape characteristics, the documentation of processes and sources of information, the suitability of data structures, and the mechanisms for automating site detection and data creation.
Wastewater treatment facilities in urban vicinities face the continuing challenge of reducing odor emissions to maintain public favor. This is the case for the City and County (City) of Broomfield Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF) located outside of Denver, Colorado. The Broomfield WRF has recently undergone upgrades to proactively address odor issues but occasionally receives odor complaints from neighboring residents. This paper presents the findings from a thorough odor sampling campaign to evaluate odor generation and emissions at the Broomfield WRF.The Broomfield WRF was constructed in the 1950s in a rural area northwest of Denver. Today, the WRF is surrounded by a large community of townhomes and houses bordering on the north and west sides of the facility. Odor complaints are occasional and the City has implemented a number of improvements to reduce odor emissions. The Broomfield WRF is a secondary wastewater treatment plant that includes preliminary treatment, primary clarifiers, aeration basins, secondary clarifiers, dissolved air flotation thickening (DAFT), anaerobic digesters, solids handling, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The facility underwent a plant-wide upgrade, Phase 1 completed in 2005, which included the final phase of installing foul air treatment including six odor control fans and a BIOREM biofilter. This recent study focused on identifying emission sources at the plant and providing recommendations for the Phase 2 upgrade.The odor study involved an intense liquid and gas sampling effort that included gaseous and liquid phase sulfide, air pressure evaluations in rooms and covered tanks, Nasal Ranger® testing of facility boundaries, and smoke testing of the existing biofilter which treats the foul air from the process buildings. The main sources of odors were detected around the digesters, in the digester gas, and in the centrate liquid stream and holding tank foul air. Gas from the digesters measured around 2,000 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and the gas from the centrate holding tank measured 100 ppm H 2 S. Also, the influent stream of the facility showed unusual daily spikes in H 2 S gas and it is very possible that wastewater from one of the collection system lift stations is a major contributor to the high influent sulfide in this stream. The biofilter had little odor and appeared to effectively treat the facility's foul air. However, during the smoke testing, there was a noticeable separation of the smoke on the surface of the filter media although there are no 35 WEF/A&WMA Odors and Air Emissions 2008
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